Co-operation in Regional Innovation Systems

“…literature that includes work on clusters (Marshal, 1920; Porter, 1998; 2000; Delgado et al., 2010), innovations systems (Cooke et al., 1997; Fritsch, 2001), economic geography (Malecki, 1997; Feldman, 2001), and social capital (Westlund and Bolton, 2003) and networks (Sorenson and Stuart,…”

“The evidence demonstrates that science partners tend to be most important where the innovation is relatively radical in orientation (Ebadi and Utterback, 1984; Verspagen, 1999; Fritsch, 2001).”

“Although there is already a substantial empirical literature on this topic, the direction of the causal relationship is not clear (Fritsch, 2001).”

“regional heterogeneity in factors (see Fritsch 2001 for a related approach) affecting”

“…is virtually no case of a cooperative relationship, where not at least one local partner is involved (cf. Fritsch, 2001). establishments had a relatively high propensity to cooperate on R&D tended not to have a correspondingly high efficiency in their innovation processes (Fritsch, 2001, 2004).”

“…Cooke (2001), embeddedness refers to a set of characteristics appropriate for systemic innovation and reflecting the extent to which a social community operates in terms of shared norms of cooperation, trustful interaction and untraded interdependencies (see also Dosi, 1988; Fritsch, 2001).”

“The importance of networking activities, both among firms and between firms and other kind of organizations (in particular, research organizations), has been largely recognized in urban and regional studies (Fritsch & Schwirten, 1999; Fritsch, 2001).”

“…range has been provided for the US (Varga 2000; Anselin et al. 2000; Almeida and Kogut 1999; Acs et al. 1991; Jaffe 1989; Caiazza and Audretsch 2013), Italy (Caiazza 2013; Capello 2001; Audretsch and Vivarelli 1996), Germany (Fritsch 2001), Europe (Caiazza 2013; Maurseth and Verspagen 1998).”

“From this perspective, the network can partially substitute economies of scale in an environment characterised by small and medium firms (Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2009) and generate positive impacts on the firms and aggregated levels (Fritsch, 2001; Fritsch & Schwirten, 1999).”

“, 2010; Porter, 1998), regional innovation systems (Cooke et al., 1997; Fritsch, 2001), and the national innovative capacity (Furman et al.”

“Furthermore, the spatial proximity is of utmost relevance for establishing interactions with universities and research institutes [Fritsch, 2001; Fritsch, Slavtchev, 2007; Moodysson et al., 2008; Uyarra, 2010], making the case for academic units to be considered the ‘anchors’ of innovation…”

“Among the network actors, of explicit interest is public research organizations, ie, universities and non-university publicly funded research institutes, since geographical proximity seems to be especially important for their interactions with industry (F ritsch , 2001 ).”

“Cooperative relationships are a channel for knowledge spillovers, and cooperation is favoured by geographical proximity (Fritsch, 2001).”

“…back to a wide and heterogeneous stream of literature that ranges from research on innovation systems (Brusoni & Prencipe, 2013; Cooke et al., 1997; Fritsch, 2001), clusters (Delgado et al., 2010; Feldman et al., 2005; Vol.: (0123456789) Porter, 1998), networks (Hoang & Antoncic, 2003; Nijkamp,…”

“Gordon and McCann, 2000; Martin and Sunley, 2003; Porter, 1998), whereas research on innovation systems analyses the contribution of different agents in the generation and diffusion of knowledge and innovation at different spatial levels (e.g. Asheim and Isaksen, 2002; Cooke, 2002; Cooke et al., 1997; Freeman, 2004; F…”

“As a consequence, such relations can often be found at a regional level (Keeble and Wilkinson, 2000; Fritsch, 2001; Tödtling et al., 2006; Trippl et al., 2009).”

“Also most studies that compare the decision to collaborate with a university in the firm’s own region with a decision to collaborate with a university in another region, show that larger, more R&D intensive firms, and firms that belong to a group, are more likely to collaborate with universities outside their home reg…”

“…and the incubator hypothesis have been applied to explain why the local- and regional-level innovation performance of firms and economic growth are influenced by economies generated by the spatial proximity of the actors and associated externalities (Koschatzky & Sternberg, 2000; Fritsch, 2001).”

“Previous theoretical approaches in this vein include National Systems of Innovation (Lundvall, 1992; Freeman, 1995) and National Systems of Entrepreneurship (Acs et al., 2014), Regional Innovation Systems (Cooke et al., 1997; Fritsch, 2001), the cluster-based theory of competitive advantage (Delgado, Porter and Stern,…”

“This is similar to what was reported in Fritsch (2001), who argued that effects of regional cooperation efforts are limited by actors’ willingness to collaborate and the effectuation of such willingness into concrete actions.”

“In this respect, regional innovation systems (RIS) (Asheim et al., 2016; Cooke, Heidenreich, & Braczyk, 2004; Fritsch, 2001), milieux innovateurs (Camagni, 1991), learning regions (Hassink & Klaerding, 2012; Lundvall & Johnson, 1994) and regional patterns of innovation (Capello & Lenzi, 2013a)…”

“A parallel interest in regional/urban studies and economic geography has attracted the ‘regionalization’ of industry-research co-operation and the regional concentration of its effects (Fritsch and Schwirten 1999; Fritsch 2001; Ponds et al. 2007).”

“For several countries, there are many studies that show the importance of external partnerships regarding improvements in the firm’s innovation capability (Fritsch and Lukas, 1999; Fritsch and Lukas, 2001; Kaufmann and Tödtling, 2000; Kaufmann and Tödtling, 2001; Bayona et al., 2001; Romijn and Albaladejo, 2002; Haged…”

“…firms belonging to activity sectors such as high technological, electronics, computer science, and biochemistry are expected to innovate more than are other kinds of firms (Bayona et al., 2001; Fritsch & Lukas, 1999, 2001; Kaufmann & Tödtling, 2000, 2001; Romijn & Albaladejo, 2002; Tether, 2002).”

“Page 8 of 16 first for a discovery to occur (Germunden, Heydebreck and Herden, 1992; Hendry, Brown and Defillippi, 2000; Fritsch, 2001).”

“The influence of the sector of activity on the innovation capacity of the firms is highlighted in various studies (Bayona, Garcia-Marco, Huerta, 2001; Fritsch & Lukas, 2001; Kaufmann & Tödtling, 2001; Romijn & Albaladejo, 2002; Tether, 2002; Tsai, 2001).”

“Fritsch (2001) also emphasized in his study in Germany that spatial proximity is important for collaboration among firms.”

“While geographical proximity has been traditionally regarded as crucial for the emergence of R&D collaboration (Marek et al. 2017; Fritsch 2001), other non-spatial forms of proximity, such as social proximity, overlap (Mattes 2012).”

“…from their environment during their period of acceleration by using the early discovery and growth process to share information and resources in ways that draw in more ecosystem participants (Fritsch, 2001; Feldman and Francis, 2004; Feldman, Francis, and Bercovitz, 2005; Feldman and Zoller, 2012).”

“The interactive model and the literature on RIS highlight the importance of routine production activities – learning by doing – adaptation to technologies and systems – learning using – and interaction between the company’s internal and external agents (including clients, suppliers, R&D agents, technological centres a…”

“…for innovation success, which could, however, impede the creation of new products due to the so-called path dependence (the ‘lock-in-effects’ shown in Fritsch, 2001; Cooke and Memedovic, 2003).1 Second, in a spatial sense, the ‘closure’-aspect of the regional innovation process is emphasized,…”

“…; Romijn & Albaladejo, 2002); however, in order for this to succeed, bonds of trust must be established between the partners and the negative effects associated with innovation minimized, particularly the associated risk (Fritsch & Lukas, 1999 ; Fritsch & Lukas, 2001 ; Kaufmann & Tödtling, 2001).”

“The influence of the activity sector in the firm’s innovative capability is highlighted in several previous studies (Fritsch and Lukas, 1999, 2001; Kaufmann and Tödtling, 2000, 2001; Bayona, García-Marco, Huerta, 2001; Romijn and Albaladejo, 2002; Tether, 2002).”

“It is measured by taking open innovation/co-innovation utilizing external and internal sources for adding value to products and services (Michael Fritsch, 2001).”

“Fritsch (2001) finds a positive influence of the share of R&D staff on collaboration on the firm level.”

“The influence of the activity sector in the firm’s innovative capacity is highlighted by previous studies ( Fritsch and Lukas 1999, 2001 ; Kaufmann and Todtling 2000, 2001 ; Bayona et al . 2001 ; Romijn and Albaladejo 2002 ; Tether 2002 ; Nieto and Santamaria 2007) . Firms belonging to activity sectors with high techn…”

“That information sources can act on information opportunities and alter information directions to improve the delivery of information services Fritsch (2001) 3 German regions”

“…& Francis Group CONTACT Joan Rodríguez-Soler joan.rodriguez.soler@uab.cat From the RIS approach, the studies of the innovation processes of the SMEs have focused on aspects such as cooperation with clients and suppliers and relationships with R&D agents (Asheim and Coenen 2005; Fritsch 2001).”

“RIS are not places where cooperation in innovation is “free-lunch” (Fritsch, 2001).”

“…are also limited: improving the productivity (van Praag 2007), attracting skilled labor (Kenney and Patton 2005), facilitating innovations systems (Fritsch 2001) and entrepreneurial ecosystems (Isenberg 2010; Stam 2015; Audretsch and Belitski 2017), investing in social capital (Westlund and…”

“…of firms and economic growth are influenced by economies generated by the spatial proximity of the actors (like relations among located firms, research institutions, government agencies, etc.) and associated externalities (Glaeser et al., 1992 ; Mills and McDonald, 1992 ; Fritsch, 2001).”

“It includes studies on entrepreneurship as related to clusters (Marshall, 1920; Porter, 1998; Mommaas, 2004), innovation systems (Cooke, Gomez Uranga & Etxebarria, 1997; Fritsch, 2001) and networks (Sorenson & Stuart, 2001) that paved the way to the studies on entrepreneurial ecosystems.”

“…es más importante para la cooperación con agentes de I+D que para la cooperación dentro de la cadena de valor, donde alcanzan una notable relevancia las relaciones con clientes y proveedores internacionales (Fritsch, 2001; Doloreux 2003, 2004; Koscahtzky y Zenker, 1999; Gebauer et alii, 2005).”

“( Barbour & Markusen, 2007; Fritsch, 2001; Li & Cui, 2022).”

“Other related systemic theories include regional innovation systems (Fritsch, 2001), clustering (Breschi & Malerba, 2001), technological systems (Bergek et al., 2015), sectoral systems (Malerba, 2002) and mission-oriented systems (Hekkert et al., 2020).”

“…1995; Lundvall, 1992) and National Systems of Entrepreneurship (NSE; Acs et al., 2014), Regional Innovation Systems (RIS; Cooke et al., 1997; Fritsch, 2001), the cluster-based theory of competitive advantage (Delgado et al., 2010; Moretti, 2021 ), the Triple helix approach (Etzkowitz &…”

“In the seminal works of in networks and alliances, Ranjay Gulati proposed that the strategic alliance can be better understood from the angle of social networks which most firms are embedded rather than treating alliances as dyadic exchanges (Gulati, 1998). Gulati (1999) found accumulated networks resources derived fr…”

“The dialogical relationships between people with different kinds of expertise stimulate collective learning and innovation activities (Fritsch, 2001 ; Tynjälä and Nikkanen, 2007).”

“Furthermore, spatial proximity is of utmost relevance for establishing interactions with universities and research institutes (Fritsch, 2001; Fritsch & Slavtchev, 2007; Moodysson et al., 2008; Uyarra, 2010), making the case for academic units to be considered as ‘anchors’ of innovation ecosystems, fostering aggregate…”