The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Autonomy and Personal History
Abstract
Virtually any appraisal of a person’s welfare, integrity, or moral status, as well as the moral and political theories built on such appraisals, will rely crucially on the presumption that her preferences and values are in some important sense her own. In particular, the nature and value of political freedom is intimately connected with the presupposition that actions one is left free to do flow from desires and values that are truly an expression of the ‘self-government’ of the agent. However, we all know that no person is self-made in the sense of being a fully formed and intact ‘will’ blossoming out of nowhere. Our values and preferences are explained by essential reference to a variety of influences that have come to bear on our development throughout our personal histories. What is needed, then, is to establish an account of self-determination or autonomy that would help determine just when and if the values and preferences we find ourselves with deserve the centrality that moral and political theories place on them.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Second, even authors whose accounts would not appear to mesh well with our usage here acknowledge that cases like GOV-1 need to be taken into account.”
From AI, Opacity, and Personal Autonomy (2022) · cites this paper as Christman, 1991
Citations
Cites
Sour Grapes: Studies in the Subversion of Rationality
Elster, J. (1983) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139171694 · Cited by 1,577
Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions
Schoeman, F. D. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511625411 · Cited by 357
Strawson, G. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247493.001.0001 · Cited by 331
Autonomy: An Essay in Philosophical Psychology and Ethics.
Potter, N., & Haworth, L. L. (1990) · Noûs · doi:10.2307/2215537 · Cited by 155
The Inner Citadel: Essays on Individual Autonomy.John Christman
Lippke, R. L. (1991) · Ethics · doi:10.1086/293348 · Cited by 150
Constructing the Inner Citadel: Recent Work on the Concept of Autonomy
Christman, J. P. (1988) · Ethics · doi:10.1086/293038 · Cited by 143
Self-citationPersonal Autonomy: Beyond Negative and Positive Liberty
Young, R. L. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 126
Lindley, R. I. (1986) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-18428-6 · Cited by 126
Haworth, L. L. (1986) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt211qz2c · Cited by 124
Personal Autonomy: Beyond Negative and Positive Liberty
Atkinson, R. F. (1987) · Philosophical Books · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0149.1987.tb01237.x · Cited by 110
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Parent, 1974, Some Recent Work on the Concept of Liberty, American Philosophical Quarterly, 11, 149
- Dworkin, 1981, Science and Ethics, 212
- Fingarette, 1969, Self Deception
- Feinberg, 1973, Social Philosophy, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 421
Goldberg, A. (2020) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2019.1704917 · Cited by 20
A relational account of intellectual autonomy
Elzinga, B. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00455091.2018.1533369 · Cited by 19
Lazenby, H., & Gabriel, I. (2017) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.1093/pq/pqx044 · Cited by 19
Nondomination and the Limits of Relational Autonomy
Wenner, D. M. (2020) · International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics · doi:10.3138/ijfab.13.2.2020-01-08 · Cited by 19
Das Wechselspiel von Autonomie und Vertrauen – eine philosophische Einführung
Steinfath, H. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-11074-1_1 · Cited by 18
Autonomy and Schizophrenia: Reflections on an Ideal
Sass, L. A. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6214-0_5 · Cited by 17
A virtue ethical approach to decisional capacity and mental health
Ciurria, M. (2016) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2015.1100719 · Cited by 16
Constitutivism and the Self-Reflection Requirement
Arruda, C. T. (2016) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-016-9744-5 · Cited by 16
9. The Social Dimension Of Autonomy
Kauppinen, A. (2011) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/ej.9789004208858.i-439.59 · Cited by 16
Do Muslim Women Need Freedom? Traditionalist Feminisms and Transnational Politics
Khader, S. J. (2016) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x16000441 · Cited by 19
Hey, Google, leave those kids alone: Against hypernudging children in the age of big data
Smith, J. A., & de Villiers-Botha, T. (2021) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01314-w · Cited by 16
Beeker, T., Schlaepfer, T. E., & Coenen, V. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2017.00011 · Cited by 18
On the Duty to Be an Attention Ecologist
Aylsworth, T., & Castro, C. (2022) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-022-00514-6 · Cited by 17
Framing Effects Do Not Undermine Consent
Director, S. (2023) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-023-10412-1 · Cited by 15
Autonomy and Online Manipulation
Klenk, M., & Hancock, J. T. (2019) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 15
In defence of personal autonomy
Quante, M. (2011) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme.2010.035717 · Cited by 15
Rössler, B. (2002) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2002.tb01077.x · Cited by 15
Informed Consent, Autonomy, and Beliefs
Pugh, J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198858584.003.0007 · Cited by 14
Duties to Oneself and Their Alleged Incoherence
Kanygina, Y. (2021) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2021.1909086 · Cited by 14
What's Wrong With Undermatching?
Tiboris, M. (2014) · Journal of Philosophy of Education · doi:10.1111/1467-9752.12091 · Cited by 14
Pömsl, J., & Friedrich, O. (2017) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-016-9299-y · Cited by 12
Autonomy, Experience, and Reflection. On a Neglected Aspect of Personal Autonomy
Blöser, C., Schöpf, A., & Willaschek, M. (2009) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-009-9205-3 · Cited by 12
The Liberating Power of Commercial Marketing
Anker, T. B., Kappel, K., & Sandøe, P. (2009) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-009-0236-4 · Cited by 11
Taking the Self out of Self-Rule
Garnett, M. (2011) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-011-9316-5 · Cited by 11
Authenticity and Normative Authority: Addressing the Agency Dilemma with Values of One’s Own
MacKay, K. (2019) · Journal of Social Philosophy · doi:10.1111/josp.12309 · Cited by 11
Rössler, B. (2002) · Hypatia · doi:10.2979/hyp.2002.17.4.143 · Cited by 11
Emotion-Oriented Systems and the Autonomy of Persons
Baumann, H., & Döring, S. A. (2010) · Cognitive technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15184-2_40 · Cited by 11
Epistemic Autonomy and the Shaping of Our Epistemic Lives
Kawall, J. (2024) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2024.2326840 · Cited by 10
Beziehungsarbeit unter den Bedingungen von Freiwilligkeit und Zwang
Böhle, A., Grosse, M., Schrödter, M., & van den Berg, W. (2012) · Soziale Passagen · doi:10.1007/s12592-012-0117-z · Cited by 10
The Entanglement of Power and Validity: Foucault and Critical Theory
Allen, A. R. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444320091.ch4 · Cited by 10
From Persuasion to Coercion: Responding to the Reluctant Patient in Rehabilitation
Anderson, L. C., & Delany, C. M. (2016) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20150586 · Cited by 9
Christman, J. P., & Anderson, J. H. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610325.003 · Cited by 9
Self-citationGiovagnoli, R. (2008) · Studi e saggi · doi:10.36253/978-88-8453-636-5 · Cited by 9
Metacognition: towards a new approach to quality of life
Blanc, J., Boyer, L., Coz, P. L., & Auquier, P. (2013) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0485-7 · Cited by 9
Axiological foundations of psychotherapy.
Woolfolk, R. L., & Murphy, D. (2004) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/1053-0479.14.2.168 · Cited by 9
Liberalism without Agreement: Political Autonomy and Agonistic Citizenship
van den Brink, B. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610325.013 · Cited by 9
Autonomy and Metacognition : A Healthcare Perspective
Levinsson, H. (2008) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 9
Autonomy and Values: Why the Conventional Theory of Autonomy is Not Value-Neutral
Kious, B. M. (2015) · Philosophy, psychiatry & psychology · doi:10.1353/ppp.2015.0002 · Cited by 8
Persons or Property – Freedom and the Legal Status of Animals
Schmidt, A. T. (2017) · Journal of Moral Philosophy · doi:10.1163/17455243-46810070 · Cited by 8
Opportunity and Responsibility for Health
Cavallero, E. (2019) · The Journal of Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10892-019-09300-7 · Cited by 8
Webster, A. K. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844644.003.0006 · Cited by 10
Meyerson, D. (1998) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1023/a:1009974313773 · Cited by 8
Against willing servitude: Autonomy in the ethics of advanced artificial intelligence
Bales, A. (2025) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.1093/pq/pqaf031 · Cited by 7
The attention market—and what is wrong with it
Browne, K., & Watzl, S. (2025) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-025-02436-3 · Cited by 7
Changing patient preferences toward better trial recruitment: an ethical analysis
Al, P., Hey, S. P., Weijer, C., Gillies, K., McCleary, N., Yee, M.-L., Inglis, J., Presseau, J., & Brehaut, J. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07258-4 · Cited by 7
Shrestha, R. K., Decosta, P. L., Whitford, M., & Shrestha, R. (2024) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2024.02.002 · Cited by 7
Autonomy, Agency, and the Value of Enduring Beliefs
Kawall, J. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1353/cjp.0.0083 · Cited by 7
Cognitive enhancement and authenticity: moving beyond the Impasse
Gordon, E. C. (2022) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-022-10075-2 · Cited by 7
Autonomy and Oppression: Beyond the Substantive and Content-Neutral Debate
Schwartz, A. W. (2007) · The Journal of Value Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s10790-006-3124-5 · Cited by 7
Subjectivism without Idealization and Adaptive Preferences
Lemaire, S. (2020) · Utilitas · doi:10.1017/s095382082000031x · Cited by 7
Autonomy, Competence and Non-interference
Roberts, J. T. F. (2017) · HEC Forum · doi:10.1007/s10730-017-9344-1 · Cited by 7
The dimensions of phygital autonomy: losing some, gaining some
Roten, Y. S., & Vanheems, R. (2024) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2024.2404857 · Cited by 7
Postan, E. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108652599 · Cited by 8
The Locus of Agency in Extended Cognitive Systems
Trybulec, B. (2023) · Journal for General Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1007/s10838-023-09666-1 · Cited by 6
Development and validation of the Autonomy Scale Amsterdam
Bergamin, J., Hoven, M., van Holst, R. J., Bockting, C., Denys, D. A. J. P., Nevicka, B., & Luigjes, J. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152466 · Cited by 9
Independence, Dependence, and Intellectual Disability: From Cultural Origins to Useful Application
Danforth, S. (2021) · Philosophical Inquiry in Education · doi:10.7202/1082918ar · Cited by 6
Autonomy, Liberalism, and Anti-Perfectionism
Killmister, S. (2013) · Res Publica · doi:10.1007/s11158-013-9229-3 · Cited by 6
Autonomy as a Social Role and the Function of Diversity
Giovagnoli, R. (2018) · Philosophies · doi:10.3390/philosophies3030021 · Cited by 6
Brain Interventions, Moral Responsibility, and Control over One’s Mental Life
Marco, G. D. (2019) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-019-09414-7 · Cited by 6
Skuban-Eiseler, T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912595 · Cited by 6
Moral Responsibility and Foundationalism
Kershnar, S. (2015) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-015-9586-6 · Cited by 5
Why we have duties of autonomy towards marginal agents
Hirsch, A. (2023) · Metamedicine · doi:10.1007/s11017-023-09623-5 · Cited by 5
Filling in the Gaps: Priming and the Ethics of Pharmaceutical Advertising
Biegler, P. (2015) · Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal · doi:10.1353/ken.2015.0008 · Cited by 5
Social Autonomy and Family-Based Informed Consent
Taylor, J. S. (2019) · The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.1093/jmp/jhz020 · Cited by 5
Self‐Realization and Owing to Others: An Indirect Constraint?
Varga, S. (2011) · International Journal of Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1080/09672559.2011.539362 · Cited by 5
Reconciling Normative and Behavioural Economics
Lecouteux, G. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003247289-10 · Cited by 6
Decomposing Autonomy: Explaining AI Technology Acceptance Through a Liberty-Based Framework
Talypova, D., Vesić, A., Shahu, A., Frijns, H. A., & Wintersberger, P. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791789 · Cited by 4
Mogensen, A. L. (2025) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.1111/phpr.70018 · Cited by 4
Freier Wille ohne Wunschkritik Autonomie als Zustimmung zum eigenen Wünschen
(2000) · Akademie Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1524/9783050047157.153 · Cited by 4
Casey, J. (2024) · Philosophy and Rhetoric · doi:10.5325/philrhet.57.3.0276 · Cited by 4
Ethics of Implicit Persuasion in Pharmaceutical Advertising
Biegler, P., Kennett, J., Oakley, J. G., & Vargas, P. T. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4707-4_1 · Cited by 4
The integrity of religious believers
Bou‐Habib, P. (2018) · Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy · doi:10.1080/13698230.2018.1487235 · Cited by 4
Freedom, Desire, and Necessity: Autonomous Activity as Activity for Its Own Sake
Brixel, P. (2023) · Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy · doi:10.26556/jesp.v24i3.2224 · Cited by 4
La autonomía reproductiva. Relaciones de género, filiación y justicia
Medina, S. Á. (2017) · Revista Jurídica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid · doi:10.15366/rjuam2017.35.004 · Cited by 4
Autonomy, Experience, and Therapy
Murphy, D. (2004) · Philosophy, psychiatry & psychology · doi:10.1353/ppp.2005.0011 · Cited by 4
Cultural Minorities and Women's Rights
Friedman, M. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0195138503.003.0009 · Cited by 4
Attunement and Involvement: How Expert Nurses Support Patient Autonomy
Charles, S. (2017) · International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics · doi:10.3138/ijfab.10.1.175 · Cited by 4
Cuypers, S. E. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195312881.003.0008 · Cited by 4
Romantic Love and Personal Autonomy
Friedman, M. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0195138503.003.0006 · Cited by 4
Stoljar, N. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.63004-0 · Cited by 4
What is Wrong With Automation Bias?
Jovchevski, P., Buijsman, S., & Neerincx, M. A. (2026) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-026-01090-9 · Cited by 4
Manipulation Cases in Free Will and Moral Responsibility, Part 3: Bypassing Responses
Marco, G. D. (2025) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.70029 · Cited by 3
Wong, J. (2010) · Archiv für Rechts- und Wirtschaftsphilosophie · doi:10.25162/arsp-2010-0025 · Cited by 3
Criminal Law and the Autonomy Assumption
Reeves, C. (2014) · Journal of Critical Realism · doi:10.1179/1476743014z.00000000039 · Cited by 3
Schmidt, A. T. (2019) · Journal of Moral Philosophy · doi:10.1163/17455243-20192823 · Cited by 3
A Moral Psychology of Poverty?
Morton, J. M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198871712.013.43 · Cited by 3
Aylsworth, T., & Castro, C. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-45638-1_2 · Cited by 3
Schmidt, A. T. (2025) · Economics and Philosophy · doi:10.1017/s0266267124000385 · Cited by 3
Schubert, C., & Binder, M. (2014) · Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik · doi:10.1515/jbnst-2014-2-313 · Cited by 3
Gesang, B., Mertz, M., Meyer-Zehnder, B., & Reiter-Theil, S. (2012) · Ethik in der Medizin · doi:10.1007/s00481-012-0226-4 · Cited by 3
Character control and historical moral responsibility
Barnes, E. C. (2015) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-015-0610-2 · Cited by 3
Chan, D. K. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6872-0 · Cited by 7
Russell, P. (2010) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/8838.003.0009 · Cited by 3
Transition: From Self‐Control to Autonomy
Mele, A. R. (2001) · doi:10.1093/0195150430.003.0008 · Cited by 3
Rational Autonomy and Decision-Making Capacity
Pugh, J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198858584.003.0008 · Cited by 2
Rössler, B. (2023) · J.B. Metzler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-476-05869-0_22 · Cited by 2
Patient autonomy and metabolic bariatric surgery: an empirical perspective
Kamin-Friedman, S., Karako-Eyal, N., & Hildesheimer, G. (2025) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-025-01177-6 · Cited by 2
Paying athletes can undermine their autonomy
Hyde, B. V. E. (2026) · Sport Ethics and Philosophy · doi:10.1080/17511321.2026.2632893 · Cited by 2
Cave, E. M. (2009) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-009-9163-9 · Cited by 2
Virtuous Autonomy and Its Explanatory Role in Turkish Activism
Peterson, G. R., Sevinc, G., & Spezio, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05785-4_12 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Christman, J.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Corresponding author
- Christman, John
- ORCID
- Christman, John
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Philosophy
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1991-03
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-24
- ISSN
- 0045-5091 (ISSN-L)
- 1911-0820
- OpenAlex
- W1508410088
- Cited by
- 422
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 13.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Philosophy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophical Ethics and Theory
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Philosophy and Ethics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
- Keywords
- autonomy, self-determination, personal history, self-government, political freedom, moral status, values and preferences, moral agency
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review