Cited by 161Visual and Cognitive Learning ProcessesEducational and Psychological AssessmentsEducational methodologies and cognitive development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Learning as a Generative Process

WITTROCK, M. C.·2010·Educational Psychologist

DOI 10.1080/00461520903433554

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

A cognitive model of human learning with understanding is introduced. Empirical research supporting the model, which is called the generative model, is summarized. The model is used to suggest a way to integrate some of the research in cognitive development, human learning, human abilities, information processing, and aptitude-treatment interactions around the notion of transfer of experience and abilities.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/00461520903433554

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Principles of behavior modification
Bandura, A. (1969) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,631
Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.
Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0020071 · Cited by 4,540
Imagery and Verbal Processes
Mezei, Á., & Paivio, A. (1972) · Leonardo · doi:10.2307/1572599 · Cited by 3,265
Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality
Mischel, W. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0035002 · Cited by 3,181
The use of advance organizers in the learning and retention of meaningful verbal material.
Ausubel, D. P. (1960) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046669 · Cited by 1,457
Organization and Memory
Mandler, G. (1967) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60516-2 · Cited by 912
Interference and forgetting.
Underwood, B. J. (1957) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0044616 · Cited by 853
Hemisphere deconnection and unity in conscious awareness.
Sperry, R. W. (1968) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0026839 · Cited by 806
Causal ascriptions and achievement behavior: A conceptual analysis of effort and reanalysis of locus of control.
Weiner, B. L., Heckhausen, H., & Meyer, W. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0032307 · Cited by 378
Generative processes in reading comprehension.
Doctorow, M., Wittrock, M., & Marks, C. (1978) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.70.2.109 · Cited by 247
Self-citation

Show all 12 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

Atkinson R. C., 1973, Changing schools: Alternatives from educational research, 65
Bower G. H., 1972, Organization of memory, 93
Neisser U., 1967, Cognitive psychology
Wittrock M. C., 1975, Generative processing of organized information

Sorted by citations

Children's conceptions of the changes of state of water
Osborne, R. J., & Cosgrove, M. (1983) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.3660200905 · Cited by 399
A Framework for the Use of Immersive Virtual Reality in Learning Environments
Mulders, M., Buchner, J., & Kerres, M. (2020) · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · doi:10.3991/ijet.v15i24.16615 · Cited by 284
nStudy: Tracing and Supporting Self-Regulated Learning in the Internet
Winne, P. H., & Hadwin, A. F. (2013) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5546-3_20 · Cited by 170
Learning Theories for Engineering Education Practice
Newstetter, W., & Svinicki, M. D. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139013451.005 · Cited by 119
Un enfoque constructivista para el desarrollo del currículo en ciencias
Driver, R. (2006) · Enseñanza de las Ciencias Revista de investigación y experiencias didácticas · doi:10.5565/rev/ensciencias.5077 · Cited by 99
Learning by explaining orally or in written form? Text complexity matters
Jacob, L., Lachner, A., & Scheiter, K. (2020) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2020.101344 · Cited by 82
Learning by writing explanations: Is explaining to a fictitious student more effective than self-explaining?
Lachner, A., Jacob, L., & Hoogerheide, V. (2021) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2020.101438 · Cited by 77
Academic Momentum at University/College: Exploring the Roles of Prior Learning, Life Experience, and Ongoing Performance in Academic Achievement Across Time
Martin, A. J., Wilson, R., Liem, G. A. D., & Ginns, P. (2013) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1353/jhe.2013.0029 · Cited by 70
Effects of incorporating retrieval into learning tasks: The complexity of the tasks matters
Roelle, J., & Berthold, K. (2017) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.01.008 · Cited by 71
Learning approaches of Indonesian EFL Gen Z students in a Flipped Learning context
Santosa, M. H. (2017) · Journal on English as a Foreign Language · doi:10.23971/jefl.v7i2.689 · Cited by 63
The role of personal best (PB) goals in the achievement and behavioral engagement of students with ADHD and students without ADHD
Martin, A. J. (2012) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2012.01.002 · Cited by 62
Developing deep learning in science classrooms: Tactics to manage epistemic uncertainty during whole‐class discussion
Chen, Y., & Techawitthayachinda, R. (2021) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21693 · Cited by 73
Learning By Tracing Worked Examples
Ginns, P., Hu, F., Byrne, E. N., & Bobis, J. (2015) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3171 · Cited by 63
Are what happens next exercises and self-generated commentaries useful additions to hazard perception training for novice drivers?
Wetton, M. A., Hill, A., & Horswill, M. S. (2013) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.013 · Cited by 58
Predicting as a learning strategy
Brod, G. (2021) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-021-01904-1 · Cited by 52
“Predicting thus belongs to the group of generative learning strategies (Fiorella & Mayer, 2016; Wittrock, 2010).”
Background
Enhancing students’ critical thinking skills: is comparing correct and erroneous examples beneficial?
van Peppen, L. M., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., Heijltjes, A. E. G., Janssen, E. M., & van Gog, T. (2021) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-021-09559-0 · Cited by 67
Generative learning strategies do not diminish primary students’ attitudes towards augmented reality
Buchner, J. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10445-y · Cited by 63
Situational interest helps correct misconceptions: An investigation of conceptual change in university students
Thomas, C. L., & Kirby, L. A. J. (2020) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-020-09509-2 · Cited by 50
Promoting Learning Skills in Undergraduate Students
Hadwin, A. F., & Winne, P. H. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139048224.013 · Cited by 43
Predicting Factors that Influence Students’ Learning Outcomes Using Learning Analytics in Online Learning Environment
Ulfa, S. U., & Fatawi, I. (2021) · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · doi:10.3991/ijet.v16i01.16325 · Cited by 45
Do student ratings provide reliable and valid information about teaching quality at the school level? Evaluating measures of science teaching in PISA 2015
Aditomo, A., & Köhler, C. (2020) · Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-020-09328-6 · Cited by 44
From Learning to Relearning: A Framework for Diminishing Bias in Social Robot Navigation
Hurtado, J. V., Londoño, L., & Valada, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.650325 · Cited by 39
Happy Together? On the Relationship Between Research on Retrieval Practice and Generative Learning Using the Case of Follow-Up Learning Tasks
Roelle, J., Endres, T., Abel, R., Obergassel, N., Nückles, M., & Renkl, A. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09810-9 · Cited by 46
Can generative learning tasks be optimized by incorporation of retrieval practice?
Waldeyer, J., Heitmann, S., Moning, J., & Roelle, J. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.05.001 · Cited by 35
Does increasing social presence enhance the effectiveness of writing explanations?
Jacob, L., Lachner, A., & Scheiter, K. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250406 · Cited by 29
Cognitive Prerequisites for Generative Learning: Why Some Learning Strategies Are More Effective Than Others
Breitwieser, J., & Brod, G. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13393 · Cited by 35
Example-based learning: The benefits of prompting organization before providing examples
Roelle, J., Hiller, S., Berthold, K., & Rumann, S. (2016) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.11.012 · Cited by 34
The Correlation of Self-Regulation and Motivation With Retention and Attrition in Distance Education
Peck, L., Stefaniak, J. E., & Shah, S. (2019) · Quarterly review of distance education · doi:10.1108/qrde-02-2019-0001 · Cited by 34
Do school students’ academic self-concept and prior knowledge constrain the effectiveness of generating technology-mediated explanations?
Jacob, L., Lachner, A., & Scheiter, K. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104469 · Cited by 32
Learning in a Digital World
Díaz, P., Ioannou, A., Bhagat, K. K., & Spector, J. M. (2019) · Smart computing and intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8265-9 · Cited by 35
Examining the Role of Self-Regulated Learning Microanalysis in the Assessment of Learners’ Regulation
Follmer, D. J., & Sperling, R. A. (2018) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2017.1409184 · Cited by 31
Learning from Instructional Explanations: Effects of Prompts Based on the Active-Constructive-Interactive Framework
Roelle, J., Müller, C., Roelle, D., & Berthold, K. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124115 · Cited by 29
Beyond the “Wow” Factor: Using Generative AI for Increasing Generative Sense-Making
Makransky, G., Shiwalia, B. M., Herlau, T., & Blurton, S. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10039-x · Cited by 27
Sequence matters! Retrieval practice before generative learning is more effective than the reverse order
Roelle, J., Froese, L., Krebs, R., Obergassel, N., & Waldeyer, J. (2022) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101634 · Cited by 34
Graduate Students’ Use and Perceived Value of Learning Resources in Learning the Content in an Online Course
Wilhelm-Chapin, M. K., & Koszalka, T. A. (2020) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-019-00464-5 · Cited by 29
Tracing worked examples: effects on learning in geometry
Du, X., & Zhang, Q. (2018) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1536256 · Cited by 23
Connectivist Learning Objects and Learning Styles
Moral-Pérez, E. D., Cernea, A., & Martínez, L. V. (2013) · Interdisciplinary Journal of e-Skills and Lifelong Learning · doi:10.28945/1866 · Cited by 19
Nonverbal Communication Today
Key, M. R. (1982) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110828771 · Cited by 47
The impact of instructional support via generative learning strategies on the perception of visual authenticity, learning outcomes, and satisfaction in AR-based learning
Moser, S., & Lewalter, D. (2024) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-024-00813-w · Cited by 24
Generative Learning Strategy Use and Self-Regulatory Prompting in Digital Text
Reid, A. J., & Morrison, G. R. (2014) · Journal of Information Technology Education Research · doi:10.28945/1948 · Cited by 18
Highlighting and highlighted information in text comprehension and learning from digital reading
Masón, L., Ronconi, A., Carretti, B., Nardin, S., & Tarchi, C. (2023) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12903 · Cited by 19
Identifying obstacles to transfer of critical thinking skills
van Peppen, L. M., van Gog, T., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., & Alexander, P. A. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2021.1990302 · Cited by 24
Closing the “know‐do” gap: training public health professionals in eating disorders prevention via case‐method teaching
Austin, S. B., & Sonneville, K. R. (2013) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22111 · Cited by 16
Students with low prior knowledge learn more when explaining to a peer than to a teacher after viewing educational videos
Pi, Z., Guo, X., Liu, C., & Yang, J. (2023) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/14697874231212260 · Cited by 16
Exploring the Complexity of Adaptive Teaching Expertise within Knowledge Generation Environments
Suh, J. K., Hand, B. M., Ercan-Dursun, J., Şahin, E., & Fulmer, G. W. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14040415 · Cited by 13
Leading Learning: A Grounded Theory Perspective of Orang Asli Parental Involvement and Engagement
Rabahi, M., Yusof, H. B., & Awang, M. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.015 · Cited by 16
Towards research based designing for understanding fundamental concepts: The case of the web delivered generative virtual classroom for teacher education
Schaverien, L. (2000) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.1818 · Cited by 13
Beyond the Distributed Practice Effect: Is Distributed Learning Also Effective for Learning With Non-repeated Text Materials?
Greving, C. E., & Richter, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685245 · Cited by 12
Scaffolding self-regulated learning in student-generated questioning using mobile phones
Song, D., & Glazewski, K. D. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11627-6 · Cited by 12
The impact of internal-generated contextual clues on EFL vocabulary learning: insights from EEG
Zhou, W., & Wu, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1332098 · Cited by 24
The Intersection of Preparation and Practice: School Leadership Learning Through Simulation
Bailey, J., Kaiser, F. J., Thomas, C. L., Dillingham, S., Norwood, D., Smith, N., & Brown, A. (2022) · NASSP Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01926365221117487 · Cited by 12
Virtual reality and affective learning in commemorative history teaching: effects of immersive technology and generative learning activities
Mulders, M., Träg, K. H., Kaninski, L., Kirner, L., & Kerres, M. (2025) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2025.2461524 · Cited by 23
Early Assessment of Cognitive Skills, Self-Regulated Learning Skills, and Attitudes Toward Education Predict University Success at Graduation
Cassady, J. C., Finch, W. H., & Heath, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Postsecondary Student Success · doi:10.33009/fsop_jpss129806 · Cited by 14
Is Learning With Elaborative Interrogation Less Desirable When Learners Are Depleted?
Kühl, T., & Bertrams, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00707 · Cited by 11
Reconceptualizing Instructional Message Design: Toward the Development of a New Guiding Framework
Bishop, M. J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00927-8_9 · Cited by 10
How does the Use of Core Ideas in Biology Lessons Influence Students’ Knowledge Development?
Förtsch, C., Heidenfelder, K., Spangler, M., & Neuhaus, B. J. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Didaktik der Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s40573-018-0071-1 · Cited by 12
How does drawing influence the effectiveness of oral self‐explanation versus instructional explanation in video learning?
Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Xing, Y., Pi, Z., & Yang, J. (2023) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13423 · Cited by 8
Cognitive Model of Drawing Construction
Meter, P. V., & Firetto, C. M. (2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-62396-235-720251014 · Cited by 8
The effects of reading prompts and of post-reading generative learning tasks on multiple document integration: evidence from concept network analysis
Wei, Z., Zhang, Y., Clariana, R. B., & Chen, X. (2023) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-023-10326-w · Cited by 8
An Analysis of Students' Mathematical Reasoning and Mental Computation Proficiencies
Singh, P., Hoon, T. S., Nasir, N. A. M., Han, C. T., Rasid, N. S. M., & Joseph, B. Z. H. (2020) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2020.081167 · Cited by 8
Students’ Opinions of Instructional Strategies in a Graduate-Level Creativity Course
Knowlton, D. S., & Sharp, D. (2015) · International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.20429/ijsotl.2015.090206 · Cited by 8
Moving toward a spiritual pedagogy in L2 education: Research, practice, and applications
Song, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.978054 · Cited by 7
Explaining the demand and supply model with the cost-benefit rule
Sepúlveda, C. F. (2020) · International Review of Economics Education · doi:10.1016/j.iree.2020.100194 · Cited by 7
Students’ Learning Approaches in The EFL Emergency Online Learning Context
Santosa, M. H., Ratminingsih, N. M., & Adnyani, L. D. S. (2021) · JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies) · doi:10.30762/jeels.v8i2.3215 · Cited by 10
A theory of effective computer-based instruction for adults
Lowe, J. S. (2004) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.1143 · Cited by 7
Does distributing non-interactive teaching contribute to learning? Students' academic self-concept and work ethic matter
Russ, H., Sibley, L., Flegr, S., Kühn, J., Hoogerheide, V., Scheiter, K., & Lachner, A. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102687 · Cited by 6
Does technology-based non-interactive teaching enhance students’ learning in the classroom?
Sibley, L., Russ, H., Ahmad, G., Baumgärtner, B., Bräutigam, D., Brümmer, S., Bussmann, H., Erb, N., Evans, L., Fischer, S., et al. (2024) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100233 · Cited by 10
Flipping the Classroom and the Pedagogy: Using Active Learning Principles to Bring Leadership Training in Affirmative Sexuality to Public Health Education
Austin, S. B. (2016) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/003335491613100129 · Cited by 6
A Rich Environment for Active Learning (REAL)
Robinson, H., Phillips, A. S., Sheffield, A., & Moore, M. (2014) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-6280-3.ch003 · Cited by 6
Mind Mapping Based Creative Problem Solving: Train The Creative Thinking Skills of Vocational School Students in Physics Learning
Meiarti, D., & Ellianawati, E. (2019) · Jurnal Penelitian & Pengembangan Pendidikan Fisika · doi:10.21009/1.05204 · Cited by 6
The Impact of Instructor-Provided Lecture Notes and Learning Interventions on Student Note Taking and Generative Processing
Gee, K. L. (2011) · doi:10.31979/etd.xump-ezj3 · Cited by 6
Artırılmış Gerçeklikle Beraber Özetleme Stratejisi Kullanmanın Öğrencilerin Bilişsel Yük ve Başarısına Etkisi
Özbay, Ö., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2023) · TRT Akademi · doi:10.37679/trta.1208221 · Cited by 6
Implementing Generative Learning Model to Enhance 2nd year English Majors’ Critical Reading and Writing Skills
Masoud, H. M. A. (2020) · Journal of Research in Curriculum Instruction and Educational Technology · doi:10.21608/jrciet.2020.67946 · Cited by 5
The Effect Of Summarization On Intermediate EFL Learners Reading Comprehension And Their Performance On Display, Referential And Inferential Questions
Ghabanchi, Z., & Mirza, F. H. (2010) · Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC) · doi:10.19030/tlc.v7i9.149 · Cited by 5
Smart Classroom Model of College English in the Context of Big Data
Wei, C. (2023) · International Journal of New Developments in Education · doi:10.25236/ijnde.2023.050115 · Cited by 5
Leading Learning: A Grounded Theory Perspective of the Orang Asli Students’ Learning Journey
Rabahi, M., Yusof, H. B., & Awang, M. (2017) · Sains Humanika · doi:10.11113/sh.v9n1-5.1186 · Cited by 5
LA INFLUENCIA DE LA MEMORIA Y LAS ESTRATEGIAS DE APRENDIZAJE EN RELACIÓN A LA COMPRENSIÓN LECTORA EN ESTUDIANTES DE EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA
Plaza, Á. M. (2017) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v6.753 · Cited by 5
PLAT 16(2) 2017: Introduction to the Special Issue on Evidence-based Teaching (EBT): Examples from Learning and Teaching Psychology
Dutke, S., Bakker, H., Papageorgi, I., & Taylor, J. (2017) · Psychology Learning & Teaching · doi:10.1177/1475725717701209 · Cited by 5
Training Requirements for Railroad Dispatchers: Objectives, Syllabi and Test Designs
Reinach, S. J., Gertler, J. B., & Kuehn, G. (1998) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e449122008-001 · Cited by 5
What the Amazon Can’t Deliver: Lessons Learned from Virtual Reality-Based Sustainability Education
Träg, K. H., & Mulders, M. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-80472-4_5 · Cited by 4
Factors Influencing Alcohol and Drug Abuse among Chuka University Students, Kenya
Kanga, B. M. (2022) · European Journal of Education and Pedagogy · doi:10.24018/ejedu.2022.3.3.301 · Cited by 4
Tackling colourism through storytelling in an online course for public health professionals
Santoso, M., Agrawal, R., Tiwari, K., Manjanatha, D., Austin, S. B., McAdams-Mahmoud, A., Craddock, N., & Raffoul, A. (2023) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/00178969231164039 · Cited by 4
Test-Based Learning: Inconsistent Effects Between Higher- and Lower-Level Test Questions
Roelle, J., Roelle, D., & Berthold, K. (2018) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2018.1434756 · Cited by 4
Developing a Drawing Task to Differentiate Group Average Time Course vs. Dynamics in the Individual
Blech, C., & Gaschler, R. (2017) · Psychology Learning & Teaching · doi:10.1177/1475725717700516 · Cited by 4
A Corporate Organizational Model for Scaling Class Size
Recktenwald, G., Godwin, A., Sahai, A., & West, M. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--29669 · Cited by 4
Integrating Listening and Speaking
Newton, J., & Nguyen, C. (2018) · The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching · doi:10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0602 · Cited by 4
Learning and Instruction in Higher Education Classrooms
Schwartz, N. H., & Bartel, A. N. (2021) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26248-8_70-1 · Cited by 3
Effects of Subtitled Video During Transactional Task Practice on Oral Communicative Performance of Fifth Semester College Students of French Learning With Multimedia Courseware.
Borras, I. (1993) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.5487 · Cited by 2
Prompts affect learning-by-teaching process and learning outcome in multimedia learning
Wang, F., HUANG, Y., ZHANG, Y., Wanling, Z. H. U., & Leng, X. (2024) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2024.00469 · Cited by 2
Gamified Learning Design for Middle School Students under the Maker Education Concept
Chen, M., Wang, B., & Taotao, L. (2020) · International Conference on Distance Education and Learning (ICDEL) · doi:10.1145/3402569.3402577 · Cited by 2
Solomon Marcus Contributions to Theoretical Computer Science and Applications
Calude, C. S., & Pǎun, G. (2021) · Axioms · doi:10.3390/axioms10020054 · Cited by 2
A RESEARCH STUDY ON ECO-FRIENDLY GREEN PRODUCTS: UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS AND PREFERENCES
Sharma, A., & Sharma, R. P. (2023) · Globus An International Journal of Management & IT · doi:10.46360/globus.mgt.120231011 · Cited by 2
Generative Intelligence-Based Swarm Robots Control and Human-Robot Symbiotic Society
Zhang, Z., Li, X., & Pan, A. (2024) · International Conference on Advanced Computational Intelligence (ICACI) · doi:10.1109/icaci60820.2024.10537028 · Cited by 2
How does virtual peer presence relate to learning from video lectures and subsequent explanation generation? The moderated mediating roles of motivation and explanation characteristics
Zhu, F., Pan, Y., Pi, Z., & Yang, J. (2024) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/14697874241256375 · Cited by 2
Teaching Time Value of Money: A Few Winning Strategies from the Front Lines
Nicholls, G., Lewis, N., & Eschenbach, T. G. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--23105 · Cited by 2
An Alternative Approach to Linguistic Theories of Language Acquisition: Focus on The Cognitive Theory
El-dali, H. M. (2019) · JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS · doi:10.24297/jal.v10i0.8046 · Cited by 2
Assessing Students’ Knowledge about Learning and Forgetting Curves with a Free Production Technique: Measures and Implications for the Development of Learning Aids
Blech, C., & Gaschler, R. (2018) · Psychology Learning & Teaching · doi:10.1177/1475725718779684 · Cited by 3
Retrieval Practice Versus Elaborative Encoding: A Systematic and Meta-analytic Review
Gonçalves, A. D. O., Muniz, B. F. B., & Jaeger, A. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10076-6 · Cited by 1
تصنيف دروزه للأهداف التعلمية: تعديل لتصنيف "أندرسون" المعدل لتصنيف "بلوم" للأهداف التربوية
دروزه, أ. ن. (2020) · International Journal of Educational & Psychological Studies · doi:10.31559/eps2020.8.1.5 · Cited by 1
Board 400: The impact of Oral Exams on Engineering Students’ Learning
Qi, H., Kim, M., Sandoval, C. L., Wang, Z., Schurgers, C., Lubarda, M. V., Baghdadchi, S., Gedney, X., Phan, A., Delson, N., et al. (2024) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--43137 · Cited by 1

Authors: WITTROCK, M. C.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: WITTROCK, M. C.
Venue: Educational Psychologist
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-01-21
Volume: 45
Issue: 1
Pages: 40-45
ISSN: 0046-1520 (ISSN-L)
1532-6985
DOI: 10.1080/00461520903433554
OpenAlex: W4251649666
Cited by: 160
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 5.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Educational Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational and Psychological Assessments
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational methodologies and cognitive development
Keywords: understanding, transfer of learning, aptitude-treatment interaction, cognitive development, human capabilities, information processing

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Learning as a Generative Process

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks