Learning as a generative process 1

Principles of behavior modification

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Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.

Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0020071 · Cited by 4,540 · see citing works

Imagery and Verbal Processes

Paivio, A. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315798868 · Cited by 4,161 · see citing works

Imagery and Verbal Processes

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Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality

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The use of advance organizers in the learning and retention of meaningful verbal material.

Ausubel, D. P. (1960) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046669 · Cited by 1,394 · see citing works

Organization and Memory

Mandler, G. (1967) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60516-2 · Cited by 912 · see citing works

Interference and forgetting.

Underwood, B. J. (1957) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0044616 · Cited by 815 · see citing works

Hemisphere deconnection and unity in conscious awareness.

Sperry, R. W. (1968) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0026839 · Cited by 806 · see citing works

Causal ascriptions and achievement behavior: A conceptual analysis of effort and reanalysis of locus of control.

Weiner, B. L., Heckhausen, H., & Meyer, W. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0032307 · Cited by 378 · see citing works

Ingredients for a theory of instruction.

Atkinson, R. C. (1972) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0033572 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

Word Frequency and Reading Comprehensiony1

Marks, C. B., Doctorow, M., & Wittrock, M. C. (1974) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1974.10884622 · Cited by 108 · see citing works

A Generative Model of Mathematics Learning

Wiitrock, M. C. (1974) · Journal for Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.5951/jresematheduc.5.4.0181 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

A Generative Model of Mathematics Learning

Wittrock, M. C. (1974) · Journal for Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.2307/748845 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Generative Processing of Hierarchically Organized Words

Wittrock, M. C., & Carter, J. F. (1975) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421780 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Effects of delayed information feedback and feedback cues in learning on delayed retention.

Sassenrath, J. M., & Yonge, G. D. (1969) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027618 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Training, Transfer, and the Development of Complex Behavior

Goulet, L. R. (2009) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000270892 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

A meta-analysis of the cognitive and motivational effects of serious games.

Wouters, P., van Nimwegen, C., van Oostendorp, H., & van der Spek, E. D. (2013) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031311 · Cited by 1,864 · see citing works

Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions?

Mayer, R. E. (1997) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3201_1 · Cited by 1,533 · see citing works

The Impact of Classroom Evaluation Practices on Students

Crooks, T. J. (1988) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543058004438 · Cited by 1,369 · see citing works

Instructional animation versus static pictures: A meta-analysis

Höffler, T. N., & Leutner, D. (2007) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.09.013 · Cited by 992 · see citing works

Direct Measurement of Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning

Brunken, R., Plass, J. L., & Leutner, D. (2003) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3801_7 · Cited by 896 · see citing works

Eight Ways to Promote Generative Learning

Fiorella, L., & Mayer, R. E. (2016) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9348-9 · Cited by 832 · see citing works

Animation as an Aid to Multimedia Learning

Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (2002) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1013184611077 · Cited by 749 · see citing works

Reduced frequency of knowledge of results enhances motor skill learning.

Winstein, C. J., & Schmidt, R. A. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.16.4.677 · Cited by 708 · see citing works

The Promise and Practice of Learner-Generated Drawing: Literature Review and Synthesis

Van Meter, P., & Garner, J. (2005) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-005-8136-3 · Cited by 421 · see citing works

Generative learning processes of the brain

Wittrock, M. C. (1992) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2704_8 · Cited by 343 · see citing works

Learning by doing versus learning by viewing: Three experimental comparisons of learner-generated versus author-provided graphic organizers.

Stull, A. T., & Mayer, R. E. (2007) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.4.808 · Cited by 295 · see citing works

How to Optimize Learning From Animated Models: A Review of Guidelines Based on Cognitive Load

Wouters, P., Paas, F., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2008) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654308320320 · Cited by 224 · see citing works

Interactivity in Video-based Models

Wouters, P., Tabbers, H. K., & Paas, F. (2007) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-007-9045-4 · Cited by 145 · see citing works

Blocking Learner Error States in a Training-Wheels System

Carroll, J. M., & Carrithers, C. (1984) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872088402600402 · Cited by 132 · see citing works

The Effects of Retelling Upon Reading Comprehension and Recall of Text Information

Wilson, R. M., Gambrell, L. B., & Pfeiffer, W. R. (1985) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1985.10885604 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

Learning-by-Teaching Without Audience Presence or Interaction: When and Why Does it Work?

Lachner, A., Hoogerheide, V., van Gog, T., & Renkl, A. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09643-4 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Learning by writing explanations: Is explaining to a fictitious student more effective than self-explaining?

Lachner, A., Jacob, L., & Hoogerheide, V. (2021) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2020.101438 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Predicting as a learning strategy

Brod, G. (2021) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-021-01904-1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Comparing the effects of generating questions, testing, and restudying on students' long‐term recall in university learning

Ebersbach, M., Feierabend, M., & Nazari, K. B. B. (2020) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3639 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

The role of specificity, targeted learning activities, and prior knowledge for the effects of relevance instructions.

Roelle, J., Lehmkuhl, N., Beyer, M.-U., & Berthold, K. (2015) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000010 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Observational learning from animated models: Effects of studying–practicing alternation and illusion of control on transfer

Wouters, P., Paas, F., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2010) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-008-9079-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

A systematic review of evidence-based design and pedagogical principles in educational virtual reality environments

Oje, A. V., Hunsu, N. J., & Fiorella, L. (2025) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100676 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Cognitive Prerequisites for Generative Learning: Why Some Learning Strategies Are More Effective Than Others

Breitwieser, J., & Brod, G. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13393 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Static and interactive concept maps for chemistry learning

Wong, R. M., Sundararajan, N., Adesope, O. O., & Nishida, K. R. A. (2021) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2020.1761299 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Retrieval Practice Versus Elaborative Encoding: A Systematic and Meta-analytic Review

Gonçalves, A. D. O., Muniz, B. F. B., & Jaeger, A. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10076-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

TC-VAE: Uncovering Out-of-Distribution Data Generative FactorsPreprint

Meo, C., Goyal, A., & Dauwels, J. (2023) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2304.04103

Generative Model for Person Re-Identification: A Review

Zhang, Z., Si, T., & Liu, S. (2020) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9409-6_174

Towards Understanding the Interplay of Generative Artificial Intelligence and the Internet

Martínez, G., Watson, L., Reviriego, P., Hernández, J. A., Juarez, M., & Sarkar, R. (2023) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2306.06130 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Are generative approaches to ZSAR a look in the right direction?Preprint

Zhang, Z. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ncyqb

Auxiliary Deep Generative ModelsPreprint

Maaløe, L., Sønderby, C. K., Sønderby, S. K., & Winther, O. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1602.05473 · Cited by 275 · see citing works