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Cited by 14Migration, Refugees, and IntegrationDiaspora, migration, transnational identityRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

A Transnational Amendment to Assimilation Theory: Country of Origin’s Racial Status Versus Transnational Whiteness

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Karimi, Aryan, Wilkes, Rima·2024·Ethnic and Racial Studies
DOI 10.1080/01419870.2023.2174810
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Abstract

In the twentieth century, European migrants’ ethnic and racial status changed as they joined the mainstream. Assimilation theory identified socioeconomic mobility as the driver of this outcome. More recently, non-European migrants have also achieved socioeconomic parity with the mainstream. Yet, a puzzle has emerged: unlike earlier European migrants these non-Europeans remain “racialized”. They are both a part of, and excluded from, the majority group. This paper proffers a transnational amendment to assimilation theory. While socioeconomic parity matters so too does the similarity between the imagined racial status of the origin and host country. Groups originating from geographies that are imagined as outside of transnational Whiteness remain a “racial minority”. Groups originating from geographies that are imagined as within transnational Whiteness are already White and, thereby, assimilated. To delineate this transnational approach to assimilation and inclusion, we provide examples from Europeans’ and non-Europeans’ assimilation trajectories.

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  • Racial self-identification aligning with majority racial identity becomes a resource for affective and sociolegal benefits; misaligning becomes an additional barrier to claiming inclusion and accessing rights and services.

    “In this sense, racial self-identification, when it aligns with a country's majority group's racial identity, can become a resource for accessing affective and sociolegal benefits; conversely, when it misaligns with majority identities, it becomes an additional barrier to claiming inclusion and accessing rights and services (Karimi and Wilkes 2024;Warikoo and Bloemraad 2018).”

    From Wages of whiteness contra refugee in the twenty-first century: Afghan and Ukrainian women’s self-identification as (non)refugees in Canada (2026) · cites this paper as Karimi and Wilkes 2024

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Authors
Karimi, A., & Wilkes, R.
Affiliations
University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author
Karimi, Aryan
ORCID
Venue
Ethnic and Racial Studies
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2023-02-20
Volume
47
Issue
3
Pages
459-482
ISSN
  • 0141-9870 (ISSN-L)
  • 1466-4356
DOI
10.1080/01419870.2023.2174810
OpenAlex
W4321370703
Cited by
14
References
103
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3
FWCI
6.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
Ethnic and Racial Studies (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Diaspora, migration, transnational identity
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords
assimilation theory, racial status, racialization, non-European migrants, European immigrants, socioeconomic mobility, racial minorities, transnationalism, inclusion

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