Adults' diaries: Changes made to written narratives across the life span
Abstract
Life‐span changes in adults’ narratives are described, based on a longitudinal sample of written language obtained from adults’ diaries. The diaries were kept by 8 adults, born between 1856 and 1876, over a 70‐year period from their early 20s to their late 80s. The analysis focuses on two aspects of written language: the complexity of the narrative structure and the cohesion of the text. Across the life span, the diarists’ narratives became structurally more complex, although they became less cohesive as ambiguous anaphors increased.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The mental status examination is a commonly used multi-faceted screening tool for signs of neurological and psychiatric disorders at a given time.
“The mental status examination (MSE) is a commonly utilized and multi-faceted tool for screening an individual at a given point in time for signs of neurological and psychiatric disorders [56].”
From A Review of Automated Speech and Language Features for Assessment of Cognitive and Thought Disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [56]
Cites
Erikson, E. H. (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.18614668 · Cited by 13,081 · see citing works
Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315836010 · Cited by 7,392 · see citing works
Erikson, E. H. (1959) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 6,863 · see citing works
Proceedings of the American philosophical society
(1838) · Journal of the Franklin Institute · doi:10.1016/s0016-0032(38)92229-x · Cited by 5,524 · see citing works
Perry, J. B., & Erikson, E. H. (1965) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/349827 · Cited by 3,847 · see citing works
Life-Span Development and Behavior
Baltes, P. B., Featherman, D. L., & Lerner, R. M. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315807584 · Cited by 2,405 · see citing works
Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511805226 · Cited by 2,205 · see citing works
Handbook of the Psychology of Aging
Howell, S. C. (1978) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/18.1.89 · Cited by 1,900 · see citing works
Handbook of the Psychology of Aging
(1986) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/41.2.296 · Cited by 1,557 · see citing works
Identity and the life cycle: Selected papers.
Erikson, E. H. (1959) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 1,399 · see citing works
The model of the text: meaningful action considered as a text
Ricœur, P., & Thompson, J. B. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316534984.011 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
Developmental Psycholinguistics
Peterson, C., & McCabe, A. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0608-6 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
What writers know : the language, process, and structure of written discourse
Nystrand, M. (1982) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Borod, J. C., Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1980) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688638008403793 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Adult Cognition: An Experimental Psychology of Human Aging
Salthouse, T. A. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Neugarten, B. L. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Salthouse, T. A. (1982) · Springer series in cognitive development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9484-6 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Personality change in late life: A developmental perspective.
Neugarten, B. L. (1973) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10044-012 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Interpretive Social Science: A Reader
Fraught, J., Rabinow, P., & Sullivan, W. M. (1980) · Sociological Analysis · doi:10.2307/3709870 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Life-span Changes in Syntactic Complexity
Kemper, S. J. (1987) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/42.3.323 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationLanguage and communication in the elderly
Miller, E. (1982) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(82)90167-x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The development of structural complexity in children's fantasy narratives.
Botvin, G. J., & Sutton‐Smith, B. (1977) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.13.4.377 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Narrative Strategies of Aphasic and Normal-Speaking Subjects
Gleason, J. B., Goodglass, H., Obler, L. K., Green, E., Hyde, M. R., & Weıntraub, S. (1980) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jshr.2302.370 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The development of structural complexity in children's fantasy narratives.
Botvin, G. J., & Sutton‐Smith, B. (1977) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.13.4.377 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Imitation of complex syntactic constructions by elderly adults
Kemper, S. J. (1986) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400007578 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationMinnesota Symposia on Child Psychology
Elison, J. T., & Sera, M. D. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119461746 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The Development of Narrative Skills: Explanations and Entertainments
Kemper, S. J. (1984) · Springer series in cognitive development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9508-9_5 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationAging and the loss of grammatical forms: a cross-sectional study of language performance
Kynette, D., & Kemper, S. J. (1986) · Language & Communication · doi:10.1016/0271-5309(86)90006-6 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE INFLUENCE OF CONTEXT ON CHILDREN'S USE OF IDENTIFYING EXPRESSIONS AND REFERENCES
Warden, D. (1976) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1976.tb01501.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Wh-Questions: Linguistic Factors That Contribute to the Sequence of Acquisition
Bloom, L. M., Merkin, S., & Wootten, J. (1982) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1982.tb01374.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Emery, O. B. (1985) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610738508259280 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Capacity theory and the processing of inferences
Zacks, R. T., & Hasher, L. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511575020.010 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Geriatric psycholinguistics: Syntactic limitations of oral and written language
Kemper, S. J. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511575020.005 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationAge differences in memory for texts: Production deficiency or processing limitations?
Cohen, G. M. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511575020.011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Syntactic complexity and elderly adults' prose recall
Kemper, S. J. (1987) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610738708259299 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationMemory for Prose and Aging: A Meta-Analysis
Zelinski, E. M., & Gilewski, M. J. (1988) · Springer series in cognitive development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3852-2_5 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Riegel, K. F. (1977) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-203560-9.50008-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Reliability of retrospective reports of adolescence.
Rosenthal, I. (1963) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041494 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Conversation, cohesive and thematic patterning in children's dialogues∗
Fine, J. B. (1978) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/01638537809544439 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Childrenʼs expression of causality and their construction of narratives
Kemper, S. J., & Edwards, L. L. (1986) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/00011363-198612000-00004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationFreedman, A. (1987) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400000187 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Life-span Developmental Psychology: Normative Life Crises
Levitt, M., & Hoyer, W. J. (1977) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/32.5.610 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Performance of Normal (Non-Brain Injured) Adults on the Porch Index of Communicative Ability
Duffy, J. R., Keith, R. L., Shane, H. C., & Podraza, B. L. (1976) · The Aphasiology Archive (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
"Wh"-Questions: Linguistic Evidence to Explain the Sequence of Acquisition.
Wootten, J. (1979) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The dissolution of text in written language: Evidence toward a continuum of complexity∗
Lahey, M. (1984) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/01638538409544599 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Words of wisdom: Language use over the life span
Pennebaker, J. W., & Stone, L. D. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.291 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Elderspeak: Speech accommodations to older adults
Kemper, S. (1994) · Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition · doi:10.1080/09289919408251447 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationLanguage Comprehension and Production in Normal Aging
THORNTON, R., & Light, L. L. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012101264-9/50015-x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Life-span changes to adults' language: Effects of memory and genre
Kemper, S. J., Kynette, D., Rash, S. J., O’Brien, K. J., & Sprott, R. A. (1989) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400008419 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationTelling stories: The structure of adults' narratives
Kemper, S. J., Rash, S. J., Kynette, D., & Norman, S. M. (1990) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541449008406205 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationImproving outcomes of nursing home interactions
Williams, K. N. (2006) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.20117 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
A Review of Automated Speech and Language Features for Assessment of Cognitive and Thought Disorders
Voleti, R., Liss, J. M., & Berisha, V. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/jstsp.2019.2952087 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Précis ofThe creative mind: Myths and mechanisms
Boden, M. A. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0003569x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The relationship between working memory and writing in younger and older adults
Hoskyn, M., & Swanson, H. L. (2003) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1023/a:1027320226283 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Development of Temporal Macrostructure in Life Narratives Across the Lifespan
Köber, C., & Habermas, T. (2015) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2015.1105619 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Kemper, S. J. (1992) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365092019004003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationOral and Written Language in Late Adulthood: Findings From the Nun Study
Mitzner, T. L., & Kemper, S. J. (2003) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610730303698 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationText Linguistics and New Applications
de Beaugrande, R. (1990) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0267190500001938 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Linguistic Ability in Early Life and Longevity: Findings from the Nun Study
Snowdon, D. A., Greiner, L. H., Kemper, S., Nanayakkara, N. D., & Mortimer, J. A. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60100-2_9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationWilliams, K. N., Perkhounkova, Y., Jao, Y., Bossen, A., Hein, M., Chung, S. J., Starykowicz, A., & Turk, M. (2017) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945917697226 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Are Older Adults More Attuned to Morally Charged Information?
Narvaez, D. F., Radvansky, G. A., Lynchard, N. A., & Copeland, D. E. (2011) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2011.590756 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Goals, analogy, and the social constraints of scientific discovery
Dunbar, K. N., & Baker, L. M. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035779 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Creativity: A framework for research
Boden, M. A. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035986 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Age Differences in Spoken Language
Kemper, S. J., Kynette, D., & Norman, S. M. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9151-7_9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat is the difference between real creativity and mere novelty?
Bundy, A. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0003572x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Written Language Clues to Cognitive Changes of Aging: An Analysis of the Letters of King James VI/I
Williams, K. N., Holmes, F., Kemper, S., & Marquis, J. G. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/58.1.p42 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationLanguage and ageing – exploring propositional density in written language – stability over time
Spencer, E. J., Craig, H., Ferguson, A. M., & Colyvas, K. (2012) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.3109/02699206.2012.673046 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Individual differences, developmental changes, and social context
Simonton, D. K. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035925 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Comprehension and use of anaphoric devices in young and older adults
Light, L. L., Capps, J. L., Singh, A., & Owens, S. A. A. (1994) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/01638539409544885 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Harley, T. A., Jessiman, L. J., & MacAndrew, S. B. G. (2010) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687031003798262 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hamilton, H. E. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470753460.ch30 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Longitudinal changes in linguistic complexity among professional football players
Berisha, V., Wang, S., LaCross, A., Liss, J., & Garcia-Filion, P. C. (2017) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2017.02.003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cognitive Writing Process Characteristics in Alzheimer’s Disease
Meulemans, C., Leijten, M., Waes, L. V., Engelborghs, S., & Mæyer, S. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872280 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Computational creativity: What place for literature?
Pind, J. L. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035871 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Warren, D. E., Rubin, R. D., Shune, S., & Duff, M. C. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118772034.ch14 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rabbitt, P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_147-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The creative mind versus the creative computer
Weisberg, R. W. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035962 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hacia una comprensión de los ámbitos de desarrollo personal desde el enfoque narrativo
Samaniego, M. C. M., Barandiarán, A. A., & Pascual, M. D. P. A. C. (2002) · Revista Española de Pedagogía · doi:10.22550/2174-0909.2279 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The generative-rules definition of creativity
O’Rourke, J. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0003586x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The historical basis of scientific discovery
Graßhoff, G. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035846 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Older adults’ conversations and the emergence of “narrative crystals”
Gerstenberg, A., & Hamilton, H. E. (2022) · Narrative Inquiry · doi:10.1075/ni.21075.ger · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Los relatos de experiencias en la edad adulta: un estudio desde el enfoque narrativo
Medrano, C., Pascual, M. D. P. A. C., & Barandiarán, A. A. (2004) · Anuario de Psicología/The UB Journal of Psychology · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Respecting the phenomenology of human creativity
Shames, V. A., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035913 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lady Lovelace had it right: Computers originate nothing
Bringsjord, S. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035718 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Treisman, M. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035949 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Der Kalenderbucheintrag als kommunikative Praktik älterer Schreiber/-innen
Walther, D. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik · doi:10.1515/zfal-2019-2017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The influence of age and verb transitivity on written sentence production
Meulemans, C., Leijten, M., & Mæyer, S. D. (2022) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699206.2022.2109992 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Creativity is in the mind of the creator
Ram, A., Domeshek, E. A., Wills, L., Nersessian, N. J., & Kolodner, J. L. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035883 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Creativity: Metarules and emergent systems
Rowe, J. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035901 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Campbell, R. L. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035743 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hummert, M. L. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4373-8_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
What about everyday creativity?
Flor, N. V. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035792 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The empirical detection of creativity
van der Maas, H. L. J., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035950 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Garnham, A. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035822 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Creative thinking presupposes the capacity for thought
Fetzer, J. H. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035780 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Can computers be creative, or even disappointed?
Sternberg, R. J. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035937 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fazelimanie, A. (2007) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Castro, S. L., & Abreu, R. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198863564.003.0010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Can artificial intelligence explain age changes in literary creativity?
Adams‐Price, C. E. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035706 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Developmental Trajectories and Creative Work in Late Life
Tahir, L., & Gruber, H. E. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0617-1_13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Conscious thought processes and creativity
Ippolito, M. F. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035858 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Creativity theory: Detail and testability
Gilhooly, K. J. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035834 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Creativity, combination, and cognition
Dartnall, T. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035755 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Analogy programs and creativity
Burns, B. D. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035731 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Review of Language and Speech Features for Cognitive-Linguistic Assessment.Preprint
Voleti, R., Liss, J., & Berisha, V. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Computation: Part of the problem of creativity
Donald, M. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035767 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rabbitt, P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-082-7_147 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Posthumous Study of Letter Writing in a Late Elderly Case
Ball, A. L., Neils‐Strunjas, J., & Krival, K. (2015) · Perspectives on Gerontology · doi:10.1044/gero20.1.22
Creativity, madness, and extra strong Al
Fulford, K. W. M. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035809
Gabora, L. M. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035810
Rehkämper, K. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035895
Voeste, A. (2015) · Impact · doi:10.1075/impact.37.09voe
A Study of Syntactic Complexity in Language Production by Chinese-Speaking Older Adults
Liu, X., & Wang, H. (2019) · Studies in Linguistics and Literature · doi:10.22158/sll.v3n1p79
Machine discoverers: Transforming the spaces they explore
Żytkow, J. M. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035974
Duboisdindien, G. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6821648cz8e25z4ee6zb599z489e8dc89766
- Authors
- Kemper, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Kansas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kemper, Susan
- Venue
- Discourse Processes
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1990-04
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 207-223
- ISSN
- 0163-853X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-6950
- OpenAlex
- W1989277603
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Discourse Processes (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Linguistics and Discourse Analysis
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- lifespan development, written language, diaries, narrative structure, textual cohesion, aging, narrative complexity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review