Cited by 167Carcinogens and Genotoxicity AssessmentChronic Kidney Disease and DiabetesImmunotoxicology and immune responses

Invited Review: A Contemporary Overview of Chronic Progressive Nephropathy in the Laboratory Rat, and Its Significance for Human Risk Assessment

Hard, Gordon C., Kanwar Nasir Khan·2004·Toxicologic Pathology

Abstract

CPN (chronic progressive nephropathy) is a spontaneous age-related disease that occurs in high incidence in the strains of rat commonly used in preclinical toxicology studies, exhibiting a male predisposition. Although increasing in incidence and severity with age, evidence indicates that CPN should be regarded as a specific disease entity and not just a manifestation of the aging process. A number of factors, mainly dietary manipulations, have been shown to modify the expression of CPN. Amongst these, restriction of caloric intake is the most effective for inhibiting the disease process. The precise etiology of CPN and the mechanism(s) underlying its pathogenesis remain unknown, but the long-standing assumption that glomerular dysfunction is the primary basis is challenged in the light of contemporary developments in understanding filtration and postglomerular cellular processing of albumin. CPN is not only a degenerative disease, but also has regenerative aspects with a high cell proliferative rate in affected tubules. Accordingly, evidence is emerging that advanced, particularly end-stage CPN, is a risk factor for a marginal increase in the background incidence of renal tubule tumors. Many chemicals are known to exacerbate the severity of CPN to an advanced stage, and this interaction between chemical and CPN can result in a small increase in the incidence of renal adenomas in 2-year carcinogenicity bioassays. Review of the pathological entities associated with chronic renal failure in man emphasizes that this rodent condition has no strict human counterpart. Because CPN is a rodent-specific entity, the finding of a small, statistically significant increase in renal tubule tumors, linked to exacerbation of CPN by a test chemical in a preclinical study for carcinogenicity, can be regarded as having no relevance for extrapolation in human risk assessment.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/01926230490422574

Cites

95 of 95 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hard, G. C., & Khan, K. N.
Affiliations
  • Tairua 2853, New Zealand,
  • Pfizer (United States) (US)
Venue
Toxicologic Pathology
Published
2004-02
Volume
32
Issue
2
Pages
171-180
ISSN
  • 0192-6233 (ISSN-L)
  • 1533-1601
OpenAlex
W2099137078
Cited by
167
References
94
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 18
FWCI
2.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Toxicologic Pathology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
Keywords
chronic progressive nephropathy, laboratory rats, age-related kidney disease, caloric restriction, dietary intervention, glomerular dysfunction, renal adenoma, carcinogenicity bioassays, chronic kidney disease, human risk assessment
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Species Specificity, Risk Assessment, Toxicity Tests, Rats

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review