Cited by 796Urban Planning and GovernancePublic Policy and Administration ResearchLocal Governance and Planning

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

A Ladder of Citizen Participation

Arnstein, Sherry R.·2019·Journal of the American Planning Association

DOI 10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control,” and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens’ power in determining the plan and/or program.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

Media and Participation: A Site of Idealogical-Democratic Struggle
Carpentier, N. (2011) · Intellect eBooks · doi:10.26530/oapen_606390 · Cited by 601
Advancing procedural justice in conservation
Ruano‐Chamorro, C., Gurney, G. G., & Cinner, J. E. (2021) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12861 · Cited by 180
Smart urbanism and smart citizenship: The neoliberal logic of ‘citizen-focused’ smart cities in EuropePreprint
Cardullo, P., & Kitchin, R. (2018) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/xugb5 · Cited by 122
La modélisation d'accompagnement. Une démarche participative en appui au développement durable
Etienne, M. (2010) · Éditions Quæ eBooks · doi:10.35690/978-2-7592-0621-6 · Cited by 157
City Labs as Vehicles for Innovation in Urban Planning Processes
Schöll, C., & Kemp, R. (2016) · Urban Planning · doi:10.17645/up.v1i4.749 · Cited by 111
Blockchain, an enabling technology for transparent and accountable decentralized public participatory GIS
Farnaghi, M., & Mansourian, A. (2020) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102850 · Cited by 97
Coastal Lagoons in Europe: Integrated Water Resource Strategies
Lillebø, A. I. (2015) · Water Intelligence Online · doi:10.2166/9781780406299 · Cited by 82
Do patient engagement interventions work for all patients? A systematic review and realist synthesis of interventions to enhance patient safety
Newman, B., Joseph, K., Chauhan, A., Seale, H., Li, J., Manias, E., Walton, M., Mears, S. R., Jones, B., & Harrison, R. (2021) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13343 · Cited by 81
Being a ‘citizen’ in the smart city: Up and down the scaffold of smart citizen participationPreprint
Cardullo, P., & Kitchin, R. (2017) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/v24jn · Cited by 80
E-participation: A Quick Overview of Recent Qualitative Trends
Nations, U., & Blanc, D. L. (2020) · DESA Working paper · doi:10.18356/0f898163-en · Cited by 80
From reaction to initiative: Potentials of contributive participation
Cerar, A. (2014) · Urbani izziv · doi:10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2014-25-01-002 · Cited by 76
Whom do we include and when? participatory design with vulnerable groups
Hodson, E., Svanda, A., & Dadashi, N. (2023) · CoDesign · doi:10.1080/15710882.2022.2160464 · Cited by 93
Mutual Incomprehension: The Cross Cultural Domain of Work in a Remote Australian Aboriginal Community
McRae‐Williams, E., & Gerritsen, R. (2010) · International Indigenous Policy Journal · doi:10.18584/iipj.2010.1.2.2 · Cited by 66
A critical analysis of user satisfaction surveys in addiction services: opioid maintenance treatment as a representative case study
Trujols, J., Castillo, I. I., Oviedo‐Joekes, E., & Guàrdia‐Olmos, J. (2014) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s52060 · Cited by 65
La participation : un concept constamment réinventé
Bresson, M. (2014) · Socio-logos · doi:10.4000/socio-logos.2817 · Cited by 64
Data-Driven Participation: Algorithms, Cities, Citizens, and Corporate Control
Tenney, M., & Sieber, R. E. (2016) · Urban Planning · doi:10.17645/up.v1i2.645 · Cited by 68
The Ecosystem Approach in Ocean Planning and Governance
Langlet, D., & Rayfuse, R. G. (2019) · Brill | Nijhoff eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004389984 · Cited by 61
Reflexive Responsibilisierung
Henkel, A., Lüdtke, N., Buschmann, N., & Hochmann, L. (2018) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839440667 · Cited by 63
Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design
Terraza, H., Orlando, M. B., Lakovits, C., Janik, V. L., & Kalashyan, A. (2020) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/33197 · Cited by 65
The Role of Urban Environments in Promoting Active and Healthy Aging: A Systematic Scoping Review of Citizen Science Approaches
Wood, G., Pykett, J., Daw, P., Agyapong‐Badu, S., Banchoff, A., King, A. C., & Stathi, A. (2022) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-022-00622-w · Cited by 61
Stakeholder Participation in Planning of a Sustainable and Competitive Tourism Destination: The Genoa Integrated Action Plan
Spadaro, I., Pirlone, F., Bruno, F., et al. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15065005 · Cited by 55
Halfway up the ladder: Developer practices and perspectives on community engagement for utility-scale renewable energy in the United States
Nilson, R., Rand, J. T., Hoen, B., et al. (2024) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2024.103706 · Cited by 55
Public participation in futuring: A systematic literature review
Barendregt, L., Bendor, R., & van Eekelen, B. F. (2024) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2024.103346 · Cited by 62
Career progression for autistic people: A scoping review
Davies, J., Romualdez, A. M., Pellicano, E., & Remington, A. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241236110 · Cited by 52
Public Sector Governance in Australia
Edwards, M., Halligan, J., Horrigan, B., et al. (2012) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/psga.07.2012 · Cited by 49
STELA: a community-centred approach to norm elicitation for AI alignment
Bergman, S., Marchal, N., Mellor, J., Mohamed, S., Gabriel, I., & Isaac, W. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56648-4 · Cited by 48
Narrative review of citizen science in environmental epidemiology: Setting the stage for co-created research projects in environmental epidemiology
Froeling, F., Gignac, F., Hoek, G., Vermeulen, R. C. H., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Ficorilli, A., Marchi, B. D., Biggeri, A., Kocman, D., Robinson, J. A., et al. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106470 · Cited by 49
Public acceptance of green hydrogen production in Germany
Buchner, J., Menrad, K., & Decker, T. (2024) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2024.115057 · Cited by 47
Les jardins partagés franciliens, scènes de participation citoyenne ?
Demailly, K. (2014) · EchoGéo · doi:10.4000/echogeo.13702 · Cited by 45
Organizing in the End of Employment: Information Sharing, Data Stewardship, and Digital Workerism
Calacci, D. (2022) · Annual Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work (CHIWORK) · doi:10.1145/3533406.3533424 · Cited by 44
Networked News Participation: Future Pathways
Robinson, S., & Wang, Y. (2018) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v6i4.1674 · Cited by 51
Co-Creation and Co-Production of Health Promoting Activities Addressing Older People—A Scoping Review
Terkelsen, A. S., Wester, C. T., Guliš, G., Jespersen, J., & Andersen, P. T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013043 · Cited by 44
Youth Civic Engagement for Dialogue and Diversity at the Metropolitan Level
Checkoway, B. N. (2009) · The Foundation Review · doi:10.4087/foundationreview-d-09-00015 · Cited by 42
Strategies for enacting health policy codesign: a scoping review and direction for research
Walker, S. C., Baquero, B. I., Bekemeier, B., Parnes, M. F., & Arora, K. (2023) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-023-01295-y · Cited by 48
Dancing with ‘The Other’: Challenges and Opportunities of Deepening Democracy through Participatory Spaces for Refugees
Rast, M. C., & Ghorashi, H. (2018) · Social Inclusion · doi:10.17645/si.v6i1.1300 · Cited by 50
Towards a multi-stakeholder value-based assessment framework for algorithmic systems
Yurrita, M., Murray-Rust, D., Balayn, A., & Bozzon, A. (2022) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3531146.3533118 · Cited by 50
Participatory healthcare service design and innovation
Bowen, S. J., Dearden, A., Wright, P., Wolstenholme, D., & Cobb, M. (2010) · Participatory Design Conference · doi:10.1145/1900441.1900464 · Cited by 42
Defining the role of the public in Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and HTA-informed decision-making processes
Street, J., Stafinski, T., Lopes, E., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care · doi:10.1017/s0266462320000094 · Cited by 39
Engagement and Participation in Protected Area Management: Who, why, how and when?
Dovers, S. R., Feary, S., Martin, A., McMillan, L., Morgan, D., & Tollefson, M. (2015) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/pagm.04.2015.14 · Cited by 38
The impact of coalition characteristics on outcomes in community-based initiatives targeting the social determinants of health: a systematic review
Nagorcka-Smith, P., Bolton, K. A., Dam, J. L., Nichols, M. S., Alston, L. V., Johnstone, M., & Allender, S. E. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13678-9 · Cited by 40
People-centered disaster recovery: A comparison of long-term outcomes of housing reconstruction in Thailand, India, and Japan
Maly, E., Vahanvati, M., & Sararit, T. (2022) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103234 · Cited by 38
Social Participation within a Context of Political Violence: Implications for the Promotion and Exercise of the Right to Health in Guatemala
Flores, W., Ruano, A. L., & Funchal, D. P. (2009) · Health and Human Rights · doi:10.2307/40285216 · Cited by 37
Shaping Higher Education with Students
Tong, V. C. H., Standen, A., Venkatraman, S., Spyer, J., Sinanan, J., Nicolescu, R., McDonald, T., Haapio-Kirk, L., Costa, E., & Miller, D. (2018) · UCL Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt21c4tcm · Cited by 41
COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM (CBT) MOVING FORWARD: PENTA HELIX DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY THROUGH COMMUNITY LOCAL WISDOM EMPOWERMENT
Azwar, H., Hanafiah‬, M. H., Ghani, A. A., et al. (2023) · PLANNING MALAYSIA · doi:10.21837/pm.v21i25.1225 · Cited by 36
Medvirkning med virkning? Innbyggermedvirkning i den kommunale beslutningsprosessen
Klausen, J. E., Arnesen, S., Christensen, D. A., et al. (2013) · doi:10.7577/nibr/samarbeidsrapport/2013/3 · Cited by 36
The evolution of public participation GIS (PPGIS) barriers in spatial planning practice
Aranda, N. R., Waegemaeker, J. D., & de Weghe, N. V. (2023) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2023.102940 · Cited by 35
Planning with Citizens: Implementation of an e-Planning Platform and Analysis of Research Needs
Steiniger, S., Poorazizi, M. E., & Hunter, A. J. S. (2016) · Urban Planning · doi:10.17645/up.v1i2.607 · Cited by 35
Responsible use of organoids in precision medicine: the need for active participant involvement
Lensink, M. A., Jongsma, K. R., Boers, S. N., Noordhoek, J. J., Beekman, J. M., & Bredenoord, A. L. (2020) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.177972 · Cited by 34
New Master-Planned Cities and Local Land Rights: The Case of Konza Techno City, Kenya
van Noorloos, F., Avianto, D., & Opiyo, R. O. (2019) · Built Environment · doi:10.2148/benv.44.4.420 · Cited by 32
The Inclusive City
Anttiroiko, A., & de Jong, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61365-5 · Cited by 32
Participation of Civil Society in EU Trade Policy Making: How Inclusive is Inclusion?
Drieghe, L., Orbie, J., Potjomkina, D., et al. (2021) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2021.1879763 · Cited by 32
Engaging Citizens in Policy Making
Рандма-Лийв, Т., Torres, L., Royo, S., & García‐Rayado, J. (2022) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781800374362 · Cited by 35
Democratic and Authoritarian Political Systems in 21st Century World Society
Ahlers, A. L., Krichewsky, D., Moser, E., & Stichweh, R. (2020) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.14361/9783839451267 · Cited by 32
An assessment of stakeholder participation in monitoring and evaluation of district assembly projects and programmes in the Savelugu-Nanton Municipality Assembly, Ghana
Sulemana, M., Musah, A., & Simon, K. K. (2018) · Ghana Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.4314/gjds.v15i1.9 · Cited by 31
Participatory monitoring in community-based fisheries management through a gender lens
House, J., Kleiber, D., Steenbergen, D. J., & Stacey, N. (2022) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-022-01783-3 · Cited by 35
Barn og unge: By, sted og sosiomaterialitet
Andersen, B., Becher, A. A., Bekken, W., Evenstad, R., Greve, A., Kristensen, K. O., Opsahl, K., Rossholt, N., & Ruud, M. E. (2018) · doi:10.23865/noasp.34 · Cited by 29
The Do It Yourself State
Meijer, A. J. (2012) · Information Polity · doi:10.3233/ip-2012-000283 · Cited by 28
De l’analyse des pratiques de participation citoyenne à des propositions pour une éducation à l’environnement
Fortin-Debart, C., & Girault, Y. (2009) · Éducation relative à l environnement · doi:10.4000/ere.2219 · Cited by 28
A History of the Participatory Map
Guldi, J. (2016) · Public Culture · doi:10.1215/08992363-3644409 · Cited by 26
Integrated care for individuals with mental illness and substance abuse – the example of the coordinated individual plan in Sweden
Matscheck, D., & Piuva, K. (2020) · European Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/13691457.2020.1843409 · Cited by 26
Untamed Urbanisms
Allen, A., Lampis, A., & Swilling, M. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315746692 · Cited by 28
PARTICIPATION IN E-GOVERNMENT SERVICES AND SMART CITY PROGRAMS: A CASE STUDY OF MALAYSIAN LOCAL AUTHORITY
Boon, L. S., Malek, J. A., Hussain, M. Y., et al. (2020) · PLANNING MALAYSIA · doi:10.21837/pm.v18i13.794 · Cited by 26
Involving users in developing health services
Craig, G. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39462.598750.80 · Cited by 26
Driving Forces of Citizen Participation in Urban Development Practice in Harare, Zimbabwe
Matamanda, A. R., & Chinozvina, Q. L. (2020) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105090 · Cited by 25
Transport in Human Scale Cities
Mladenović, M. N., Toivonen, T., Willberg, E. S., & Geurs, K. T. (2021) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781800370517 · Cited by 33
Energy citizens – Conveyors of changing democratic institutions?
Ringholm, T. (2022) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2022.103678 · Cited by 28
With great power comes great responsibility: why ‘safe enough’ is not good enough in debates on new gene technologies
Kjeldaas, S., Dassler, T., Antonsen, T., Wikmark, O.-G., & Myhr, A. I. (2022) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-022-10367-6 · Cited by 29
Public participation and outgoing audit of natural resources: Evidence from tripartite evolutionary game in China
Zhang, Z., Ling, D., Tian, W., et al. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116734 · Cited by 25
Does Disability Studies have Anything to Say to Music Therapy? And Would Music Therapy Listen if it Did?
Cameron, C. A. (2014) · Voices A World Forum for Music Therapy · doi:10.15845/voices.v14i3.794 · Cited by 25
Resilience in the times of COVID: what the response to the COVID pandemic teaches us about resilience principles
Berbés‐Blázquez, M., Schoon, M., Benessaiah, K., Bennett, E. M., Peterson, G., & Ghimire, R. (2022) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-13223-270216 · Cited by 24
Decision Support in Assessing the Sustainable Use of Forests and Other Natural Resources - A Comparative Review
Myllyviita, T. (2011) · The Open Forest Science Journal · doi:10.2174/1874398601104010024 · Cited by 24
Post-Disaster Reconstruction: Meeting Stakeholder Interests
Edited by: David Alexander, C. H. D., Davidson, C. H., Fox, A., et al. (2007) · Atti · doi:10.36253/978-88-8453-611-2 · Cited by 24
The Future-Making Assessment Approach as a Tool for E-Planning and Community Development
Horelli, L., & Wallin, S. (2010) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61520-929-3.ch004 · Cited by 24
User involvement in ageing and health research: a survey of researchers’ and older adults’ perspectives
Kylén, M., Slaug, B., Jönsson, O., Iwarsson, S., & Schmidt, S. (2022) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-022-00894-3 · Cited by 23
Centering Equity and Justice in Participatory Climate Action Planning: Guidance for Urban Governance Actors
Swanson, K. (2023) · Planning Theory & Practice · doi:10.1080/14649357.2023.2189288 · Cited by 22
APRENDIZAJE-SERVICIO Y CODISEÑO EN LA FORMACIÓN DE MAESTROS: VÍAS DE INTEGRACIÓN DE LAS EXPERIENCIAS Y PERSPECTIVAS DE LOS ESTUDIANTES
Ayuste, A., Roig, A. E., Suari, N. O., et al. (2016) · Bordón. Revista de pedagogía · doi:10.13042/bordon.2016.68211 · Cited by 23
Compulsory Regulation of CSR: A Case Study of Nigeria
Ihugba, B. U. (2012) · Journal of Politics and Law · doi:10.5539/jpl.v5n2p68 · Cited by 22
Engaging with ‘less affluent’ communities for food system transformation: a community food researcher model (FoodSEqual project)
Pettinger, C., Hunt, L., Gardiner, H., Garg, P., Howard, L., & Wagstaff, C. (2023) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665123004913 · Cited by 24
Place-belongingness in real-life contexts: A review of practical meanings, contributing factors, and evaluation methods
Mohseni, H., Silvennoinen, J. M., & Kujala, T. (2024) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-024-11173-9 · Cited by 21
Patient-centric culture and implications for patient engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic
Majid, U., & Wasim, A. (2020) · Patient Experience Journal · doi:10.35680/2372-0247.1398 · Cited by 20
Capacity building within urban climate resilience in the Global South – a literature review
Wieszczeczynska, K. A., Tollin, N., & Spaliviero, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2024.1380936 · Cited by 20
Organisering av individuell brukermedvirkning
Hansen, G. V. (2019) · doi:10.23865/noasp.66.ch2 · Cited by 20
Research on Antecedents of Residents’ Willingness to Cooperate in Urban Regeneration Projects: Based on an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Model
Wang, D., Jiang, S., Liu, B., Li, X., & Yuan, X. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12081251 · Cited by 20
Participatory repertoires for aligning policy and society: An analysis of Dutch stakeholder views on deep geothermal energy
Metze, T. A. P., van den Broek, J., van Est, R., & Cuppen, E. H. W. J. (2023) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2023.103019 · Cited by 22
Das Reallabor als Partizipationskontinuum
Meyer-Soylu, S., Parodi, O., Trenks, H., et al. (2016) · TATuP Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis · doi:10.14512/tatup.25.3.31 · Cited by 20
Citizen Participation and Transparency in Local Government: Do Participation Channels and Policy Making Phases Matter?
Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2017) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2017.331 · Cited by 27
Building consensus: Legitimate hope or seductive paradox?
McCool, S. F., Guthrie, K., & Smith, J. K. (2000) · doi:10.2737/rmrs-rp-25 · Cited by 20
Earthquake resilience and public engagement: A social media perspective
Liu, H., & Han, Z. (2025) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.70041 · Cited by 20
Why putting artificial intelligence ethics into practice is not enough: Towards a multi-level framework
Wang, H., & Blok, V. (2025) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517251340620 · Cited by 14
The Dynamics of Public Participation in New Technology Transitions: the Case Of Dockless Bicycle Hire in Manchester
Dudley, G., Banister, D., & Schwanen, T. (2019) · Built Environment · doi:10.2148/benv.45.1.93 · Cited by 19
Patients’ empowerment and the role of patients’ education
Navarro, M. D. (2020) · Medical Research Archives · doi:10.18103/mra.v8i12.2306 · Cited by 19
The Dilemmas of Engagement : The Role of Consultation in Governance
Stewart, J. (2009) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.26530/oapen_459074 · Cited by 19
Let's be PALS: User‐Driven Organizational Change in Healthcare*
Buchanan, D., Abbott, S., Bentley, J., et al. (2005) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00462.x · Cited by 19
The Merits and Pitfalls of Participatory Action Research: Navigating Tokenism and Inclusion with Lived Experience Members
Smith-Carrier, T. A., & Tuyl, R. V. (2024) · International Review of Public Policy · doi:10.4000/11whj · Cited by 22
Le participatif en actes : quel avenir pour l’injonction à la participation ?
Blondiaux, L. (2022) · Questions de communication · doi:10.4000/questionsdecommunication.28823 · Cited by 23
Engaging participants with research findings: A rights‐informed approach
George, M. S., Gaitonde, R., Davey, R., Mohanty, I., & Upton, P. (2023) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13701 · Cited by 19
Civic Engagement in a Citizen-Led Living Lab for Smart Cities: Evidence From South Korea
Park, J., & Fujii, S. (2023) · Urban Planning · doi:10.17645/up.v8i2.6361 · Cited by 18
What does co-creation mean? An attempt at definition informed by the perspectives of school health promoters in France
Darlington, E., & Masson, J. (2021) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/00178969211013570 · Cited by 18
Gobierno Abierto en México: hacia una discusión realista de su factibilidad
Zanabria, V. M. F. (2018) · Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales · doi:10.22201/fcpys.2448492xe.2019.235.59021 · Cited by 18
Effects of the Internet on Participation: Study of a Public Policy Referendum in Brazil
Spada, P., Mellon, J., Peixoto, T. C., & Sjöberg, F. M. (2015) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-7204 · Cited by 18

Authors: Arnstein, S. R.
Corresponding author: Arnstein, Sherry R.
Venue: Journal of the American Planning Association
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2019-01-02
Volume: 85
Issue: 1
Pages: 24-34
ISSN: 0194-4363 (ISSN-L)
1939-0130
DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388
OpenAlex: W4229999961
Cited by: 796
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 68 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 36
FWCI: 195.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of the American Planning Association (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Planning and Governance
Social Sciences › Public Administration › Public Policy and Administration Research
Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Local Governance and Planning
Keywords: citizen participation, citizen control, typology of participation, urban regeneration, anti-poverty policy, Model Cities program, federal social programs, poor people, citizen power

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A Ladder of Citizen Participation

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks