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Cited by 796Urban Planning and GovernancePublic Policy and Administration ResearchLocal Governance and Planning

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A Ladder of Citizen Participation

Arnstein, Sherry R.·2019·Journal of the American Planning Association
DOI 10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388
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Abstract

The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control,” and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens’ power in determining the plan and/or program.

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Metadata

Authors
Arnstein, S. R.
Corresponding author
Arnstein, Sherry R.
Venue
Journal of the American Planning Association
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2019-01-02
Volume
85
Issue
1
Pages
24-34
ISSN
  • 0194-4363 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-0130
DOI
10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388
OpenAlex
W4229999961
Cited by
796
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 68 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 36
FWCI
195.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of the American Planning Association (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Planning and Governance
  • Social Sciences › Public Administration › Public Policy and Administration Research
  • Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Local Governance and Planning
Keywords
citizen participation, citizen control, typology of participation, urban regeneration, anti-poverty policy, Model Cities program, federal social programs, poor people, citizen power

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