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A Ladder of Citizen Participation

Arnstein, Sherry R.·2019·Journal of the American Planning Association

DOI 10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388

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Abstract

The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control,” and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens’ power in determining the plan and/or program.

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Authors: Arnstein, S. R.
Corresponding author: Arnstein, Sherry R.
Venue: Journal of the American Planning Association
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2019-01-02
Volume: 85
Issue: 1
Pages: 24-34
ISSN: 0194-4363 (ISSN-L)
1939-0130
DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388
OpenAlex: W4229999961
Cited by: 796
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 68 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 36
FWCI: 195.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of the American Planning Association (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Planning and Governance
Social Sciences › Public Administration › Public Policy and Administration Research
Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Local Governance and Planning
Keywords: citizen participation, citizen control, typology of participation, urban regeneration, anti-poverty policy, Model Cities program, federal social programs, poor people, citizen power

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