The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hot Spots of Bus Stop Crime: The Importance of Environmental Attributes
Abstract
This study focused on bus stop crime and sought to identify the environmental attributes that can affect the bus rider's security while at the bus stop. Following the argument of criminologists that certain place characteristics can affect the incidence of crime, the study used direct observation, mapping, interviews, and surveys to examine the physical and social environment around the 10 most crime-ridden bus stops in Los Angeles during 1994 and 1995. It found an abundance of “negative” environmental attributes and a general lack of “defensible space” elements. It also found that different types of crime tend to occur under different environmental conditions. The use of four control cases of low-crime bus stops in matched pairs with four high-crime bus stops in close proximity showed that the low-crime bus stops typically lacked “negative” environmental attributes, while offering better surveillance opportunities from surrounding establishments. The article discusses design responses as an approach to crime prevention at bus stops.
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In the citing paper
“Loukaitou-Sideris (1999) has proposed that a second level population density exists; where the density is sufficiently high to mask a range of less serious offences such as pick pocketing and petty theft.”
From Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): a review and modern bibliography (2005) · cites this paper as Loukaitou-Sideris (1999)
In the citing paper
“Loukaitou-Sideris' (1999) empirically based research analysed environmental features associated with high crime bus stops in Los Angeles and confirmed 'desolation and lack of surveillance', 'crowding', 'broken windows', and 'easy escapes' as significant factors.”
From Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): a review and modern bibliography (2005) · cites this paper as Loukaitou-Sideris' (1999)
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“14 Allen Hamilton, 2007; Crime Concern, 1999, 2002, 2004; Currie, Mahmoud, 2013; Loukaitou-Sideris, 1999, 2005; Mahmoud, Currie, 2010; Smith, 2008).”
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Li, S., Wei, R., Wallace, D., Grubesic, T., & Liu, X. (2026) · Journal of Urban Affairs · doi:10.1080/07352166.2025.2548828 · Cited by 1
“Research also indicates that physical neighborhood characteristics—such as the presence of transit stops (Loukaitou-Sideris, 1999), alcohol outlets (Grubesic et al., 2013; Lardier et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2004), and vacant housing units (Cui & Walsh, 2015; Kirk & Hyra, 2012)—can function as crime…”
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“Similarly, Loukaitou-Sideris (1999) and Loukaitou-Sideris et al. (2001) found that high crime bus stops in Los Angeles were commonly located near disadvantaged neighborhoods, busy intersections, high-disorder environments, and crime-attractor facilities such as liquor stores and pawn shops.”
Xu, J., & Yu, S. (2025) · Security Journal · doi:10.1057/s41284-024-00462-0 · Cited by 1
“Existing studies show that crime victimization risks vary in and around public transit stations during the day (Block and Davids 1996; Clarke et al. 1996; Loukaitou-Sideris 1999; Zahnow and Corcoran 2021).”
Darling, W., Broader, J. C., Cohen, A. P., & Shaheen, S. A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151813964 · Cited by 1
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Oliveira, E. D. S., da Silva, B. F. A., Silva, P. R., Pinto, A. M. A., & Macedo, E. D. G. (2022) · International Journal of Law and Public Administration · doi:10.11114/ijlpa.v5i2.5812 · Cited by 1
Miethe, T. D., & Venger, O. (2021) · Security Journal · doi:10.1057/s41284-021-00297-z · Cited by 1
“…for crime, common hotspots within urban landscapes include areas around bus stops and other transit stations, bars, parking lots, dark and narrow alleys, parks, and abandoned commercial/industrial buildings (see Groff & McCord, 2012; Hart & Miethe, 2014; Loukaitou-Sideris, 1999; Newton, 2014).”
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Stelzig, W. C. (2012) · doi:10.18297/etd/1380 · Cited by 1
“Land uses such as alcohol outlets have been shown to attract high numbers of motivated offenders (Brantingham & Brantingham, 1995; Brower & Carroll, 2007; Loukaitou-Sideris, 1999; McCord, Ratcliffe, Garcia, & Taylor, 2007), allow individuals to become intoxicated making them easy targets or increasing their aggressive…”
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“Natural surveillance, territorial reinforcement, and maintenance are some of the central concepts of CPTED that can be used to minimize crime when applied in the form of clear sightlines, strategic lighting, and controlled access points (Kooi, 2013; Loukaitou-sideris, 1999).”
Not Just for Adults: Juveniles in Crime Places—Ranking Land Uses by Crime Across Age Groups
O, S., & Lee, Y. (2026) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287261434489
“Bus stops are also high traffic places without proper level of guardianship and studies indicated a great deal of crime opportunities (P. Brantingham & Brantingham, 1995; Favarin, 2018; Loukaitou-sideris, 1999; Newton and Bowers, 2007; O & Lee, 2016).”
Güven, I., Bai, L., & Zhang, S. (2026) · IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering · doi:10.1080/24725579.2026.2620520
“However, the result is consistent with the empirical findings on the relationship between bus stops and crimes (Kooi, 2013; Loukaitou-Sideris, 1999).”
Li, L., Ye, Y., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Landscape architecture · doi:10.3724/j.fjyl.202405210283
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Biasi, A. D., Carr, J., Almanza, M., & Zwickle, A. (2021) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2021.2001672
“…plazas, gas stations, transportation nodes, and alcohol outlets, are also associated with heightened risk perceptions, and have been found to generate and attract crime (Brantingham and Brantingham 1995; loukaitou-sideris 1999; Wilcox et al. 2003; Tindall et al. 2016; Ariel and Partridge 2017).”
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Tushi, T. E. (2016) · doi:10.17722/jorm.v6i2.141
“Researchers have already found that personal security from crime is one of the most important moderating factors of people’s choice in transit system (Austin and Buzawa, 1984[2]; Thrasher & Schnell, 1974[41], Loukaitou-Sideris (1999)[31] identified unsafe”
BackgroundPlaneamiento espacial estratégico colaborador y desarrollo local preventivo: de la hospitalidad.
MaríaBertrand, S. (2010) · Revista de Urbanismo · doi:10.5354/0717-5051.2005.5112
Rodrigues, L. R., Pitombo, C., da Cunha, A. L. B. N., Larocca, A., & Ferraz, A. C. P. (2026) · Latin American Transport Studies · doi:10.1016/j.latran.2026.100067
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Yunan, Z. Y. (2019) · Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Anti-Corruption and Integrity · doi:10.5220/0009402202200228
“Further understand the characteristic of the region (Block and Block, 1995; Brantingham, P. L. Brantingham, 1999; Loukaitou-sideris, 1999).”
BackgroundDoran, B. J., & Burgess, M. B. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5647-7_7
Xu, J. (2011) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3b27tn0
Biophysical and Human Social Applications
Debarchana, G., McMaster, R. B., & Master, R. B. M. (2002) · doi:10.1201/9781420087345-c34
Metadata
- Authors
- Loukaitou-sideris, A.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Planning Association
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1999-12-31
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 395-411
- ISSN
- 0194-4363 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0130
- OpenAlex
- W1501108037
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 14.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Planning Association (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Design and Spatial Analysis
- Keywords
- environmental criminology, defensible space, surveillance, Los Angeles
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