Cited by 299Crime Patterns and InterventionsUrban Transport and AccessibilityUrban Design and Spatial Analysis

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Hot Spots of Bus Stop Crime: The Importance of Environmental Attributes

Loukaitou-sideris, Anastasia·1999·Journal of the American Planning Association

DOI 10.1080/01944369908976070

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Abstract

This study focused on bus stop crime and sought to identify the environmental attributes that can affect the bus rider's security while at the bus stop. Following the argument of criminologists that certain place characteristics can affect the incidence of crime, the study used direct observation, mapping, interviews, and surveys to examine the physical and social environment around the 10 most crime-ridden bus stops in Los Angeles during 1994 and 1995. It found an abundance of “negative” environmental attributes and a general lack of “defensible space” elements. It also found that different types of crime tend to occur under different environmental conditions. The use of four control cases of low-crime bus stops in matched pairs with four high-crime bus stops in close proximity showed that the low-crime bus stops typically lacked “negative” environmental attributes, while offering better surveillance opportunities from surrounding establishments. The article discusses design responses as an approach to crime prevention at bus stops.

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“Additionally, the complexity of the built environment contributing to crime around transit centers was previously identified as an important consideration (Block & Davis, 1996; Loukaitou-Sideris, 1999).”
Background
Development and Application of a Scale to Measure Station Design Quality for Personal Safety
Rahaman, M., Currie, G., & Muir, C. (2016) · doi:10.3141/2540-01 · Cited by 7
Developing a Method for Assessing National Demand-Response Transit Level of Service
Godavarthy, R., Mattson, J., Peterson, D., & Hough, J. (2015) · doi:10.5038/2375-0901.18.4.1 · Cited by 7
Crowd Spatial Patterns at Bus Stops: Security Implications and Effects of Warning Messages
Solymosi, R., Borrion, H., & Fujiyama, T. (2015) · doi:10.1057/9781137457653_9 · Cited by 7
“Pickpocketing in particular occurs at overcrowded stops at which offenders can take advantage of the high densities of people who are close together (Loukaitou-Sideris and Liggett, 2000, Loukaitou-Sideris, 1999, Liggett et al., 2001; Loukaitou-Sideris, 2012; Loukaitou-Sideris et al., 2001).”
Background
Reconstructing urban spatial blind areas in child trafficking: Insights from the internet video surveillance data
Jin, A., Li, G., Nie, Q., Chen, N., Li, B., Wen, X., & Xue, Y. (2024) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2024.105026 · Cited by 10
The role of health, safety and environmental perceptions on forming bus passengers’ loyalty – A case study of Vietnam
Tran-Thi, A. P., Nguyen-Phuoc, D. Q., Phan, T. C., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2024) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2024.101780 · Cited by 6
Familiar Strangers and Crime at Transit Stations: Is Crime Lower at Train Stations Where Familiar Strangers are Present?
Zahnow, R., Chen, C.-S., & Corcoran, J. (2023) · Applied spatial analysis and policy · doi:10.1007/s12061-023-09507-0 · Cited by 6
“The colocation of parking facilities (Loukaitou-sideris, 1999), bars (Newton & Bowers, 2007), schools (Adams et al., 2015) and parks (Newton & Bowers, 2007) can also increase opportunities for crime at stations by generating greater population flow at particular times of the day and days of the…”
Background
Assessing Impacts of New Subway Stations on Urban Thefts in the Surrounding Areas
Xu, C., Chen, X., Liu, L., Lan, M.-X., & Chen, D. (2021) · ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf. · doi:10.3390/ijgi10100632 · Cited by 6
Assessing guardianship opportunities at underground stations
Uittenbogaard, A. (2014) · doi:10.1057/sj.2014.3 · Cited by 6
Influence of selected spatial features on crime rates in a large city based on the example of Wrocław (Poland)
Sikorski, D., Lisowska-Kierepka, A., & Ilnicki, D. (2024) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2024.104841 · Cited by 5
Learning from informal gendered mobilities: Towards a holistic understanding for experimenting with city streets
Gera, K., & Hasdell, P. (2023) · Journal of Urban Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.urbmob.2023.100061 · Cited by 5
Modeling Local-Scale Violent Crime Rate: A Comparison of Eigenvector Spatial Filtering Models and Conventional Spatial Regression Models
Sun, Y.-R., Wang, S.-H., Xie, J., & Hu, X. (2021) · doi:10.1080/00330124.2020.1844574 · Cited by 5
University-provided transit and crime in an urban neighborhood
Heywood, J., & Weber, B. S. (2019) · The annals of regional science · doi:10.1007/s00168-019-00904-3 · Cited by 5
Modelling sidewalk safety perceptions of pedestrians accessing bus stops and uncovering its role in shaping bus ridership: An empirical investigation
Sethulakshmi, G., & Mohan, M. (2025) · Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2025.06.008 · Cited by 5
Patterns and Modus Operandi of Crime and Disorderly Conduct on the Public Transport System in Abakaliki, Nigeria: A Descriptive Analysis
Otu, S. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44501-4_18 · Cited by 6
From Transit Stop to Urbanity Node: Field Audit for Measuring Livability at the Transit Stop
Ruggeri, D. (2013) · doi:10.15760/trec.54 · Cited by 5
An AI-based framework for studying visual diversity of urban neighborhoods and its relationship with socio-demographic variables
Amiruzzaman, M., Zhao, Y., Amiruzzaman, S., Karpinski, A. C., & Wu, T. H. (2022) · Journal of Computational Social Science · doi:10.1007/s42001-022-00197-1 · Cited by 4
Pattern and Explanation of Inter-City Crime Variation in South Korea
Kim, H., & Seong, E. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142215458 · Cited by 4
Metrobus in separated corridors as an optimal public transport system
Berdiyorov, T. (2020) · IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environment · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/614/1/012056 · Cited by 4
Responding to Sexual Harassment on Transit
Ceccato, V., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2020) · doi:10.4324/9780429290244-28 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Assessment of Commuter Satisfaction in the Usage of Bus-Shelters: the Ataköy Zone 5 and Beşyol Metrobus Stops, Istanbul
Caymaz, G. F. Y. (2018) · Architecture and Urban Planning · doi:10.2478/aup-2018-0001 · Cited by 4
“Although there are many studies related to bus stop planning [25], safety [26]‒[29], and design [30]‒[32], there are few studies on researching the relation between bus stop design and user satisfaction.”
Background
Security Concerns at Hot-Spot Bus Stop Locations
Kooi, B. R. (2015) · doi:10.1080/19361610.2015.1038762 · Cited by 4
“Academic attention toward bus stop safety has been sporadic (Kooi, 2007, 2013; Levine, Wachs, & Shirazi, 1986; Liggett, Loukaitou-Sideris, & Iseki, 2001; L. Loukaitou-Sideris, 1999; Loukaitrou-Sideris, Liggett, & Thurlow, 2001; Smith & Cornish, 2006; Yu, 2009).”
Activated Alleyways: Mobilising Clean and Safe Dwelling in Business Improvement Areas
Mackinnon, D. (2020) · Transforming Cities Through Temporary Urbanism · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61753-0_11 · Cited by 4
Spatial variation of bus stop crime response to changes in the surrounding environment and transit level of service
Marques, S. D. F. (2024) · Latin American Transport Studies · doi:10.1016/j.latran.2024.100020 · Cited by 3
Crime dynamics in Edmonton’s train stations: analysing hot spots, harm spots and offender patterns
Ottaro, P., Ariel, B., & Harinam, V. (2024) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-01-2024-0013 · Cited by 4
Street robbery around the Golden Line in Mexico City: a quasi-natural experiment between metro stations and bus stops
García-Tejeda, E., & Fondevila, G. (2023) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-023-10855-0 · Cited by 3
“…studies have looked at the difference between crimes recorded in police reports and those obtained through victimization surveys with users, or crime prevention on public transport (Levine & Wachs, 1986a, 1986b; Loukaitou-Sideris, 1999, 2009; Natarajan, et al., 2015; Pearlstein & Wachs, 1982).”
Background
Impacts of California Proposition 47 on crime in Santa Monica, California
Crodelle, J., Vallejo, C., Schmidtchen, M., Topaz, C., D, & Orsogna, M. R. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251199 · Cited by 3
A New Methodological Framework for Crime Spatial Analysis Using Local Entropy Map
Kalantari, M., Ghavagh, A. R., Toomanian, A., & Dero, Q. Y. (2016) · doi:10.5539/mas.v10n9p179 · Cited by 3
“Safety is just a thing men take for granted”: Teaching a Spatial Vocabulary of Equality to Architecture Students
Keddy, K. (2015) · Atlantis · doi:10.7202/1119753ar · Cited by 3
“Loukaitou-Sideris (1999) explains that, “a broken window left www.msvu.ca/atlantisAtlantis 37.1, 2015 48 unrepaired sends a signal that social control is attenuated in the area.”
Influential
Incivility: The Rude Stranger in Everyday Life
Smith, P., Phillips, T. D., & King, R. D. (2010) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511781803 · Cited by 3
‘Wolves to the Door’ or ‘Lambs to the Slaughter?’ Crime Opportunity Searches on a New Public Transport System
Sedelmaier, C. M. (2015) · doi:10.1057/9781137457653_7 · Cited by 3
What Do We Know About Hot Pot Spots? Does Who Owns Matter?
O, S., Lee, Y., & Eck, J. E. (2025) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287251318982 · Cited by 2
Public transport stops and crime within the city space. The case of Stare Bałuty in Łódź
Mordwa, S. (2022) · Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG · doi:10.4467/2543859xpkg.22.019.17143 · Cited by 2
“Studies conducted in Los Angeles have shown that eight out of ten bus stops with the highest crime rates had no proper street lighting (Loukaitou-Sideris, 1999).”
Influential
Pendekatan Perencanaan Perkotaan Dalam Konteks Kesehatan Perkotaan
Ratodi, M. (2016) · EMARA Indonesian Journal of Architecture · doi:10.29080/emara.v2i1.16 · Cited by 2

Authors: Loukaitou-sideris, A.
Venue: Journal of the American Planning Association
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1999-12-31
Volume: 65
Issue: 4
Pages: 395-411
ISSN: 0194-4363 (ISSN-L)
1939-0130
DOI: 10.1080/01944369908976070
OpenAlex: W1501108037
Cited by: 299
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 14.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of the American Planning Association (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Design and Spatial Analysis
Keywords: environmental criminology, defensible space, surveillance, Los Angeles

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Hot Spots of Bus Stop Crime: The Importance of Environmental Attributes

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