The concept of experiential learning and John Dewey's theory of reflective thought and action

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb indicates that techniques and methods such as those employed in T-groups and action research have contributed to the conception of experiential learning.

“He further indicates (1984 : 17) that techniques and methods such as those employed in T-groups and action research have contributed to the conception of experiential learning.”

• cites Kolb 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Experiential Learning (1984) Kolb tries to elaborate further both the foundations of the model and the extended societal application of the Learning Style Inventory.

“In Experiential Learning (1984) Kolb tries to elaborate further both the foundations of the model and the extended societal application of the Learning Style Inventory.”

• cites Kolb 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb presents in a graphical form the conceptions of learning of Dewey, Lewin and Piaget.

“Kolb presents in a graphical form the conceptions of learning of these three theoreticians (Kolb 1984 : 22, 24, 25).”

• cites Kolb 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb's book claims to present solutions to many burning problems of adult education and working life in western, postmodern society.

“It claims to present solutions to many burning problems of adult education and working life in western, postmodern society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb states that John Dewey, Kurt Lewin and Jean Piaget are the founders of experiential learning.

“In his work Experiential Learning, Kolb states that John Dewey, Kurt Lewin and Jean Piaget are the founders of the approach.”

• Also stated in: § Kolb' s eclectic method and its consequence s · plain

  “According to him, the founding fathers and developers of the conceptions are John Dewey, Kurt Lewin and Jean Piaget.”

• cites Kolb 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb says that he does not want to develop an alternative theory of learning, but rather to suggest through experiential learning theory a holistic integrative perspective on learning that combines experience, perception, cognition, and behavior.

“Kolb says that he does not want to develop an alternative theory of learning, `but rather to suggest through experiential learning theory a holistic integrative perspective on learning that combines experience, perception, cognition, and behavior ' (1984 : 21).”

• cites Kolb 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb starts his book by defining the historical roots of experiential learning.

“Kolb starts his book by de® ning the historical roots of experiential learning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Kolb fuses Pepper's hypotheses to his model and combines them with findings of brain physiology that indicate functional differences between the right and the left hemispheres of the human cortex.

“Kolb fuses these hypotheses to his model and combines them with those ® ndings of brain physiology that indicate functional diÚ erences between the right and the left hemispheres of the human cortex.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Kolb utilizes the results of neurophysiology on functional differences between the right and left hemispheres of the human cortex and Stephen Pepper's theory of world models.

“He also utilizes the results of neurophysiology which report the functional diÚ erences between the right and left hemispheres of the human cortex and to the theory of world models presented by the American philosopher Stephen Pepper.”

• cites Kolb 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The concepts in Kolb's book are defined briefly and without adequate reference to the background literature.

“The concepts are de® ned brie¯y and without adequate reference to the background literature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb states that the approach was further developed by therapeutic psychologies based on psychoanalysis (Carl Jung, Erik Erikson), humanistic psychology (Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow), and radical educationists such as Paulo Freire and Ivan Illich.

“After presenting the three founding fathers, Kolb states that the approach was further developed by therapeutic psychologies based on psychoanalysi s (Carl Jung, Erik Erikson) and humanistic psychology (Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow) as well as by radical educationists such as Paulo Freire and Ivan Illich.”

• cites Kolb 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Kolb claims his model is a Lewinian model.

“Second, I shall study how Kolb derives his model, which he claims to a Lewinian model, from the tradition of Lewinian action research and small group research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb's book has a programmatic nature.

“On the other hand, the book has a programmati c nature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The substantiation of Kolb's model combines widely different ingredients: ideas, terms and conceptions from many sources.

“The substantiation of the model combines widely diÚ erent ingredients : ideas, terms and conceptions from many sources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The table shows differences between the groups.

“The table also shows the diÚ erences between the groups.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The quotation is the only reference to Dewey's work in Kolb's presentation.

“The quotation is the only reference to the work of Dewey in the presentation.”

• cites Kolb 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Kolb's interpretation of Dewey is based on a lengthy citation from Dewey's Experience and Education (1938).

“This interpretation is based on a lengthy citation that the author has taken from Dewey' s small book Experience and Education (1938).”

• cites Kolb 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Dewey 1938Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Kolb introduces Dewey's model of experiential learning and states it is remarkably similar to the Lewinian model.

“Having presented the `Lewinian model ' , Kolb introduces brie¯y, with a few sentences, John Dewey' s model of experiential learning (1984 : 22, see ® gure 2).He states that it is remarkably similar to the Lewinian model.”

• cites Kolb 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The text from which the citation is taken deals with the problem of pupil motivation at school.

“The text from which the citation is taken deals with the problem of pupil motivation at school.”

• cites Dewey 1938Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The concept of culture also covers the large variety of human activities and practices necessary for understanding the thinking and actions of individuals.

“The concept of culture also covers the large variety of human activities and practices necessary for understanding the thinking and actions of individuals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In 1949, Dewey started to write a new introduction to his main metaphysical work Experience and Nature.

“In 1949, Dewey started to write a new introduction to his main metaphysical work Experience and Nature.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Kolb speaks about experiential learning; Dewey speaks about experimental thought and activity.

“Kolb speaks about experiential learning.Dewey speaks about experimental thought and activity.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

He regarded it as philosophically important that culture comprises both artefacts and humans in their mutual interaction.

“He regarded it as philosophicallyimportant that culture comprises both artefacts and humans in their mutual interaction.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Dewey says that had he an opportunity to rewrite Experience and Nature he would give it a new name Culture and Nature.

“Dewey says that had he an opportunity to rewrite Experience and Nature he would give it a new name Culture and Nature (LW 1 : 361).”

• cites Dewey LW 1:361Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

He would use culture in its anthropological sense.

“He would use culture `in its anthropological sense' .”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In this unfinished introduction, Dewey expressed his disappointment about the nondualist conception of experience being interpreted mainly in an individual and psychological way.

“In this un® nished introduction, Dewey expressed his disappointment about the nondualist conception of experience ± covering the individual and the world ± being interpreted mainly in an individual and psychological way.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pepper rejects such a mixing of ingredients.

“Pepper rejects such a mixing of ingredients.”

• cites Pepper 1972Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

If the conception of experience is problematic, so is the possibility of its reflection.

“If the conception of experience is problematic, so is the possibility of its re¯ection.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: It is experience that is reflected.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Two central principles of Pepper's method are 'Eclecticism is confusing' and 'Concepts which have lost their contact to their root metaphors are empty abstractions'.

“Two central principles of his method are `Eclecticism is confusing' (104± 114) and `Concepts which have lost their contact to their root metaphors are empty abstractions ' (113± 114).”

• cites Pepper 1972Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Experiential learning is an established and important approach in the theoretical tradition of adult education in Europe, North America and Australia.

“The conception of experiential learning is an established approach in the tradition of adult education theory.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “Experiential learning is an important approach within the theoretical tradition of adult education in Europe, North America and Australia (see e.g.Boud et al. 1985 ;Boud and Miller 1996 ;Weil and McGill 1989).”

• cites Boud et al. 1985Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Boud and Miller 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Weil and McGill 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In his theory Pepper suggests that there are four basically different hypotheses of world, four ways of conceptualizing reality: formism, mechanism, contextualism and organism.

“In his theory Pepper suggests that there are four basically diÚ erent hypotheses of world, four ways of conceptualizing the reality : formism, mechanism, contextualism and organism (Pepper 1972).”

• cites Pepper 1972Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Kolb's motive is not critical evaluation or interdisciplinarity but an attempt to construct an 'attractive' collection of ideas that can be advocated as a solution to the social problems of our time and to substantiate the usefulness of his learning style inventory.

“One cannot help concluding that Kolb' s motive is not critical evaluation or interdisciplinarity but an attempt to construct an `attractive' collection of ideas that can be advocated as a solution to the social problems of our time and to substantiate the usefulness of his learning style inventory.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Kolb's four-stage model of experiential learning, presented in his book Experiential Learning (1984), is a fundamental, classical and best-known presentation of the approach.

“David Kolb' s four-stage model of experiential learning is a fundamental presentation of the approach.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged

  “David Kolb' s book Experiential Learning (1984) is perhaps the best known presentation of the approach.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · boosted

  “Kolb' s four-stage model of learning elaborated in the book is regarded as classical and as a foundation for experiential learning.”

• cites Kolb 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first version of the model was presented to substantiate the use of the inventory in a book of exercises in Organizational Psychology.

“The ® rst version of the model was presented to substantiate the use of the inventory in a book of exercises in Organizational Psychology (Kolb et al. 1971: 28).”

• cites Kolb et al. 1971Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The humanistic connection is epistemologically significant because it strengthens the methodological individualism of experiential learning.

“The humanistic connection is also epistemologically signi® cant, since it strengthens the methodological individualismof experiential learning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

As a result of Kolb's brief definitions and inadequate referencing, these concepts often remain unclear and open to many interpretations.

“As a result, these concepts often remain unclear and open to many interpretations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Pepper contends that the eclectic method is mistaken in principle in that it adds no factual content and confuses the structures of fact which are clearly spread out in the pure root-metaphor theories; it is almost inevitably sterile and confusing.

“Our contention is, that this method is mistaken in principle in that it adds no factual content and confuses the structures of fact which are clearly spread out in the pure root-metapho r theories; in two words, that is almost inevitably sterile and confusing.”

• cites Pepper 1972Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

There are good grounds for studying carefully the theoretical foundations of Kolb's work.

“There are, therefore, good grounds for studying carefully the theoretical foundations of Kolb' s work.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Kolb's model has been widely used in management consultation, leadership training and in research on cognitive processing styles.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Because Kolb is the developer of the Learning Style Inventory, the book can also be seen as a marketing promotion.

“Because the author is the developer of this technology, the book can also be seen as a marketing promotion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The main application of the model was to manage and gain control of individual learning by inventing one's learning style.

“The main application of the model was to manage and gain control of individual learning by inventing one' s learning style (Kolb 1976a(Kolb , 1976b)).”

• cites Kolb 1976aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kolb 1976bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Kolb unites terms and concepts, extracting them from their idea-historical contexts and purposes and puts them to serve the motives of his own presentation.

“Kolb unites terms and concepts, extracting them from their idea-historical contexts and purposes and puts them to serve the motives of his own presentation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb's theory is best known through the four-stage model of experiential learning.

“Kolb' s theory is best known through the four-stage model of experiential learning (Kolb et al. 1971: 28, see ® gure 1).”

• cites Kolb et al. 1971: 28Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Through its humanistic connection, the concept of experience has an ideological function: faith in an individual's innate capacity to grow and learn.

“Through its humanistic connection, the concept of experience also has an ideological function: faith in an individual' s innate capacity to grow and learn.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb's model has been used as a foundation for formulating a theory of organizational learning.

“It has been used as a foundation for formulating a theory of organizational learning (Dixon 1994).”

• cites Dixon 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Kolb's procedure and method can be called eclectic.

“This procedure and method can be called eclectic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The book Experiential Learning represents a special genre of writing, consultancy literature.

“The book represents a special genre of writing, which could be characterized as consultancy literature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The humanistic connection makes experiential learning particularly attractive for adult education theorists and for the idea of lifelong learning.

“This is what makes it particularly attractive for adult education theorists and for the idea of lifelong learning.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Concepts taken out of their theoretical context change into thin names and do not have intrinsic or ultimate value in themselves.

“Pepper argues that the concepts ± when taken out of their theoretical context, the context where they come from ± change into `thin, little more than names with a cosmic glow about them ' (1972: 113).The concepts and terms outside their theoretical context do not have intrinsic or ultimate value in themselves.”

• cites 1972: 113Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The basic idea of the seminar followed the stages of Lewin's action research: diagnosing problems, finding solutions, exercising the solutions and planning actions to be taken 'back home'.

“The basic idea of the seminar followed the stages of Lewin' s action research : diagnosing problems, ® nding solutions to them, exercising the solutions and planning carefully the actions to be taken `back home ' .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the 1946 seminar, participants had diverse knowledge and experience of racial problems and attempts to solve them, and this knowledge was widely used.

“In the 1946 seminar, the participants, community activists and leaders, had plenty of diverse knowledge and experience of racial problems and of attempts and ways of trying to solve them.This knowledge and experience was widely used in the 1946 seminar.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb presents a working definition of learning: learning is a process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience.

“In his summary, Kolb presents a working de® nition of learning (Kolb 1984 : 38) : Learning is a process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience.”

• cites Kolb 1984 : 38Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The concept of 'immediate', 'here and now', having a practical and technical background, can be given a philosophical meaning like 'existential'.

“Hence, the concept of `immediate' , `here and now ' , having a practical and technical background , can be given a philosophical meaning like `existential' .”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Humanistic psychology and existential-phenomenological conception of man provide a special social ontology and value system.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The versatile knowledge and experience of participating community leaders, outside specialists and researchers were widely used.

“The versatile knowledge and experience of the participating community leaders, the outside specialists and the researchers of Lewin' s group were widely used.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The National Training Laboratories were founded in 1947 to carry on the work started in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

“The National Training Laboratories were founded in 1947 to carry on the work started in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In that context, the regularities of behaviour of groups encapsulated in a laboratory was relevant knowledge.

“Anyhow, in this context, the regularities of behaviour of groups encapsulated in a laboratory was relevant knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The systematic and coordinated way of collecting data made the data comparable and analysable.

“The systematic and coordinated way of collecting data made the data comparable and analysable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The empiricist theory of scientific knowledge was a prevailing conception of the origins of knowledge until recently.

“This theory was a prevailing conception of the origins of knowledge until recently.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb states that humanistic values offer 'new hope-filled ideas for the conduct of human relationships and the management of organizations'.

“Kolb states that humanistic values oÚ er `new hope-® lled ideas for the conduct of human relationships and the management of organizations' (Kolb 1984 : 11).”

• cites Kolb 1984: 11Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In T-group training individuals are supposed to learn about interaction in groups, developing individual 'human relations skills'.

“In the T-group training individuals are supposed to learn about the interaction ingroups, that is, develop individual `human relations skills' .”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Dewey shows that hypotheses generated by reflection can only be tested in experimental activity, which might solve the problem that elicited reflection.

“He also shows that hypotheses generated by re¯ection can only be tested in experimental activity, which might solve the problem that elicited the process of re¯ection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The small group research at the National Training Laboratories was mainly funded by the Office of Naval Research of the United States' Army, which was interested in how autonomous small groups behave in total isolation.

“The small group research at the National Training Laboratories ± the most important centre for the development of the T-group method ± was mainly funded by the Oae ce of Naval Research of the United States' Army.The oae ce was interested in how autonomou s small groups behave in circumstances of total isolation from the rest of the world (1996 : 153)”

• cites 1996: 153Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb's characterization of learning resembles the empiricist theory of scientific knowledge proposed by the logical empiricists in the 1930-1950s.

“This characterization resembles the empiricist theory of scienti® c knowledge proposed by the logical empiricists in the 1930± 1950s.”

May combine two claims.

Kolb speaks about dialectical tension between experiential and conceptual, but resolves the tension by taking both as separate phases, so there is no dialectics in his model.

“Kolb continuously speaks about `dialectical tension' between experiential and conceptual.However, he resolves the tension simply by taking both as a separate phase to his model.There is surely no dialectics in this.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb leaves out other, more important working methods without proper attention.

“He leaves out other, more important working methods without proper attention.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The working methods omitted by Kolb were more important than the feedback sessions.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The group dynamics exercises comprised a method in the third phase of Lewin's action research.

“The group dynamics exercises comprised a method in the third phase of Lewin' s action research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The core of Kolb's model of experiential learning is a simple description of a learning cycle: how experience is translated into concepts, which in turn are used as guides in the choice of new experiences.

“Accordingly, the core of his model of experiential learning is `a simple description of a learning cycle ± how experience is translated into concepts, which in turn are used as guides in the choice of new experiences' (Kolb 1976: 21).”

• cites Kolb 1976: 21 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To Jung, important experiences were based on connection to the collective unconscious, the archetypal primordial images from pagan times or to the species-historical primitive.

“To Jung, important experiences were based on connection to the collective unconscious, the archetypal primordial images from pagan times or to the species-historical primitive.”

• cites Jung 1933: 233Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The group planned action programmes for solving racial problems in their respective communities.

“The group planned action programmes for solving racial problems in their respective communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb uses Lippit's book very selectively, picking up only direct feedback related to group dynamics after group sessions.

“However, Kolb uses it very selectively.He picks up from the variety of content and methods of the seminar only one aspect: direct feedback related to the group dynamics after the group sessions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Because of that, they can serve as a specifically ideological ingredient in the approach of experiential learning in adult education.

“That is why they can serve as a speci® cally ideological ingredient in the approach of experiential learning in adult education.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Humanistic psychology and existential-phenomenological conception of man provide a special social ontology and value system.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Humanistic conceptions represent normative and philosophical arguments for methodological individualism and the 'subjective personal' nature of experience.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb picks up this specific aspect of the seminar to formulate the basis of his concept of experience.

“It is this speci® c aspect of the seminar that Kolb picks up to formulate the basis of his concept of experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kolb's model holds that effective learners need four different kinds of abilities: concrete experience (CE), reflective observation (RO), abstract conceptualizing (AC), and active experimentation (AE).

“Learners, if they are to be eÚ ective, need four diÚ erent kinds of abilities-concrete experience abilities (CE), re¯ective observation abilities (RO), abstract conceptualizing abilities (AC) and active experimentation abilities (AE).”

• cites 1984 : 30Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The objects of study in the 1946 seminar were racial prejudices and social problems in Connecticut.

“The objects of study in the 1946 seminar were the racial prejudices and social problems in the State of Connecticut.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This kind of experience is based on the generalization of a very specific mode of action, a feedback session, which developed into a key procedure in T-group training, combined with a highly individualistic and normative humanistic-existential anthropology.

“This kind of experience is based on the generalization of a very speci® c mode of action, a feedback session, which developed into a key procedure in the T-group training ± combined with a highly individualistic and normative humanistic-existential anthropology.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Humanistic psychology and existential-phenomenological conception of man provide a special social ontology and value system.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Humanistic conceptions represent normative and philosophical arguments for methodological individualism and the 'subjective personal' nature of experience.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Maslow's 'peak experiences' revealing the biological true nature of man are religious experiences.

“Suae ce to say, in this context, that the `peak experiences ' revealing the biological true nature of man proposed by Abraham Maslow are religious experiences (Maslow 1970).”

• cites Maslow 1970Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The quote only partly states this claim.

Although Kolb speaks about observation and reflection instead of observation and induction, the basic problems of his model remain the same as those of empiricist theory.

“Although Kolb speaks about observation and re¯ection instead of observation and induction, the basic problems of his model remain the same.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The epistemological criticism concerning man's possibility of obtaining new knowledge about the world is the most relevant issue for any theory of experience.

“This epistemological criticism and discussion concerning man' s possibility of obtaining new knowledge about the world, is the most relevant issue for any theory of experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the evolution, the shared societal object of the group is eliminated and 'group interaction as such' becomes the object of analysis.

“(1) T he shared societal object of the group is eliminated and the `group interaction as such ' becomes the object of analysis”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jung saw psychological experience as an alternative to institutionalized religion.

“Also Jung saw the psychological experience as an alternative to institutionalized religion (Jung 1933 : 233) :”

• cites Jung 1933: 233Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Lewin's laboratory, study of group behaviour was based on data collected by researchers, with an observer writing observations on a form designed by Lewin's research group.

“In Lewin' s laboratory, the study of group behaviour was based on the data collected by the researchers.In each group, there was an observer who wrote down her observations on a form designed by Lewin' s research group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The humanistic and person-centred orientation grew prominent in the T-group training movement during the 1960s.

“The humanistic and person-centre d orientation grew prominent in the T-group training movement during the 1960s (Hirsch 1987: 65± 69).”

• cites Hirsch 1987: 65-69Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The construction of distinct learning styles makes it necessary to postulate distinct modes of adaptation.

“The construction of the distinct styles makes it necessary to postulate distinct modes of adaptation .”

May combine two claims.

Kolb postulates observation of experience as a starting point, whereas empiricist philosophy regards observations of reality and nature as a starting point.

“Whereas empiricist philosophy regards observations of reality and nature as a starting point of knowledge, Kolb postulates observation of experience as a starting point.”

May combine two claims.

The influence of humanistic and existential theories is not manifest in Kolb's work; it is more visible in rhetorical value commitments than in the learning model itself.

“The in¯uence of these theories is not manifest in Kolb' s work.It is more visible in the rhetorical value commitments than in the learning model itself.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The empiricist theory of scientific knowledge has been criticized in various ways in the philosophy of science.

“Since then, it has been criticized in various ways in the philosophy of science.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The recollections of participants in the feedback situation can be regarded as a 'here and now experience' to be analysed.

“The recollections of the participants in the feedback situation can be regarded as a `here and now experience' to be analysed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The concept of experience is tied to humanistic anthropology and values.

“(4) T he concept of experience is tied to humanistic anthropology and values”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The creation of new joint activities and new ways of working, as well as networks of collaboration, is missing in the concept of experiential learning.

“Accordingly, the creation of new joint activities and new ways of working, as well as networks of collaboration, is missing in the concept of experiential learning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Kolb states that each phase of his experiential learning model is a different form of adaptation to reality or a learning mode, and that a separate individual ability corresponds to every phase.

“Kolb states that each of the phases of the model is a `diÚ erent form of adaptation to reality' or a `learning mode ' (Kolb et al. 1971: 28).A separate individual ability corresponds to every phase of the model (1984 : 30) :”

• cites Kolb et al. 1971: 28Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites 1984 : 30Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Peirce calls the inference that proceeds through hypotheses an abduction.

“Peirce calls the inference that proceeds through hypotheses an abduction.”

• cites Peirce 1992} 1878Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The cited fragment is selected because it supports Kolb's agenda.

“This fragment of text is selected because it supports the author' s agenda.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

From the point of view of Dewey's general theory of experience and thought, the excerpt is marginal.

“However, from the point of view of Dewey' s general theory of experience and thought, it is marginal.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Once made visible and critically transformed by reflection, the layers of culture can turn into means of enriching thought and action.

“Once made visible and critically transformed by re¯ection, they can turn into means of enriching thought and action.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Reflection and reconstruction of the environment are inseparable.

“Re¯ection and reconstruction of the environment are inseparable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Empirical thinking is based on observation of regularly occurring or coinciding things and phenomena.

“Empirical thinking is based on observation of regularly occurring or coinciding things and phenomena.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Habit is, on one hand, the great flywheel of society; it is necessary to have stabilized ways of doing things that function well and predictably in recurring situations.

“It is, on the one hand, the great ¯ywheel of society.It is necessary, in this society, to have stabilized ways of doing things that function well and in a predictable way in the recurring situations of life.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

It is the failure and uncertainty of primary experience that gives rise to reflective thought and learning.

“It is the failure and uncertainty of the primary experience that gives rise to re¯ective thought and learning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Dewey further elaborated this logic and applied it to social practice.

“Dewey further elaborated this logic and applied it to social practice.”

May combine two claims.

It is highly unlikely that an individual could involve themselves fully, openly and without bias in new experiences, let alone draw any generalizations from such experiences.

“In the light of our knowledge on observation and knowledge formation it is highly unlikely that an individual could, as Kolb stated above, `be able to involve themselves fully, openly and without bias in new experiences ' let alone draw any generalizations from such experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Empirical thinking does not imply hypotheses of causes or mechanisms.

“It does not imply hypotheses of the causes of mechanisms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dewey considers that one of the purposes of reflection is to be conscious of the layers of cultures weaved in observations.

“Dewey considers that one of the purposes of re¯ection is to be conscious of the layers of cultures weaved in the observations.”

May combine two claims.

Dewey states that the process has two kinds of result: a direct reconstruction of the situation and an indirect production of meaning usable in forthcoming problem situations.

“What is important is Dewey' s statement that the process has two kinds of result.The direct, immediate outcome is that the situation becomes reconstructed in such a way that the initial problem becomes resolved.This outcome means the increased control over the activity.Another, indirect and intellectual outcome is the production of a meaning that can be used as a resource in forthcoming problem s”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Induction leads to the recognition of a fact on the basis of the similarity of facts.

“Induction leads to the recognition of a fact on the basis of the similarity of facts.”

• cites Peirce 1992} 1878Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These concepts, instruments and conventions steer observations, and with them the observer interprets and generalizes what is seen and regarded as problematic and important.

“They steer the observations, and with them the observer interprets and generalizes what is seen and regarded as problematic and important.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The central issue in Dewey's conception of experiment is whether an authority-bond and routine ways of thinking and action can be replaced by a reconstructive and reflective way.

“The central issue in Dewey' s conception of experiment is whether an authoritybond and routine ways of thinking and action can be replaced by a `reconstructive ' and re¯ective way.”

May combine two claims.

Dewey's model of reflective thought includes an indeterminate situation phase where habit does not work and uncertainty emerges.

“Routinized ways of doing things are mostly accomplished without re¯ection.When the normal course of activity is disturbed, a state of uncertainty and indetermination emerges.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

When habits do not function, a problem, uncertainty and a crisis emerges and calls for reflective thought and investigation into the conditions of the situation.

“When these habits do not function, a problem, uncertainty and a crisis emerges and calls for re¯ective thought and investigation into the conditions of the situation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The continuity of a situation is realized through hypotheses and conceptions as plans of action.

“The continuity of a situation is realized through hypotheses and conceptions as plans of action.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hypothesis often suggests something that cannot be inferred from immediate perception at all.

“Hypothesis, instead, often suggests something that cannot be inferred from immediate perception at all.”

• cites Peirce 1992} 1878Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

It is the regularities of these interactions-including the properties of things involved-that make the transfer of concepts from one situation to another possible.

“It is the regularities of these interactions ± including the properties of things involved ± that make the transfer of concepts from one situation to another possible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Empirical thinking is useful in many everyday situations.

“As such, empirical thinking is useful in many everyday situations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Primary experience is composed of material interaction with the physical and social environment.

“The primary experience is composed of material interaction with the physical and social environment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Experience is not a rigid and closed thing; it is vital, and hence growing.

“Experience is not a rigid and closed thing; it is vital, and hence growing.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In adapting to the environment, individuals form habits-routine ways of doing things.

“In adapting to the environment, individuals form habits± routine ways of doing things.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Experimental and theoretical thought liberates us from intellectual laziness and from the tyranny of tradition.

“Experimental and theoretical thought liberates us from intellectual laziness and from the tyranny of tradition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When dominated by the past, by custom and routine, experience is often opposed to the reasonable, the thoughtful.

“When dominated by the past, by custom and routine, it is often opposed to the reasonable, the thoughtful.”

May combine two claims.

Dewey wanted to stress the functional and practical significance of concept and make a distinction from classical idealistic theories that regarded concept as mirror image of reality.

“Second, Dewey wanted to stress the functional and practical signi® cance of concept and make a distinction from classical idealistic theories that regarded concept as mirror image of reality, as re¯ections of the pregiven and eternal structures of nature (Dewey 1916 : 312± 313) :”

• cites Dewey 1916:312-313Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Following habits can turn into a conservative factor, an obstacle for change and innovation.

“On the other hand, the act of following these habits can turn into a conservative factor, an obstacle for change and innovation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Experience also includes the reflection that sets us free from the limiting influence of sense, appetite, and tradition.

“But experience also includes the re¯ection that sets us free from the limiting in¯uence of sense, appetite, and tradition.”

May combine two claims.

Dewey wanted to stress that concepts are always tentative and have the nature of the hypothesis; that is why he often uses the terms hypothesis, working hypothesis and guiding idea instead of concept.

“First, he wanted to stress that concepts are always tentative and have the nature of the hypothesis.That is why he often uses the terms hypothesis, working hypothesis and guiding idea instead of concept.”

May combine two claims.

In the 1990s, philosophers stressed that observation is not only laden with theory but also mediated by instruments and practices.

“In the 1990s, philosophers have stressed that observation is not only laden with theory but also mediated by instruments and practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Learning can be regarded as a relationship between culturally appropriated conceptions, ways of action and hypothesis and empirically new ways, deviating from previous and problematic elements in practical activity.

“Learning can, therefore, be regarded as a relationship between culturally appropriated conceptions, ways of action and hypothesis and empirically new ways, deviating from previous and problematic elements in practical activity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Dewey's model includes an intellectualization phase where the actor forms a tentative conception of the difficulty and defines the problem.

“The process of re¯ective thought starts with an attempt to de® ne what is wrong in the situation.The actor forms a tentative conception of the diae culty and de® nes the problem.”

May combine two claims.

Dewey's model includes a phase of studying the conditions of the situation and forming a working hypothesis.

“In the following phase the analysis and diagnosis of the conditions takes place.The conditions include both material and social conditions and the means and resources with which the problem is supposed to be resolved.The presupposition of the possible solution is called a working hypothesis.”

May combine two claims.

Testing of the hypothesis does not always lead to confirmation, but the hypothesis makes learning possible because the outcome can be compared to the initial suppositions implied in the hypothesis.

“The testing of the hypothesis does not always lead to the con® rmation of the hypothesis.But the hypothesis makes learning possible, because the outcome can be compared to the initial suppositions implied in the hypothesis.”

May combine two claims.

Dewey's approach is naturalistic and takes adaptation of the organism to its environment as its starting point on the basis of Darwinian biological theory of evolution.

“Dewey' s approach is a naturalistic one.On the basis of Darwinian biological theory of evolution, it takes the adaptation of the organism to its environment as its starting point (see Dewey 1976).”

• cites Dewey 1976Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Popper calls the assertion of such a possibility absurd.

“Karl Popper calls the assertion of such a possibility absurd (1981 : 72).”

• cites 1981 : 72Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Secondary experience is a reflective experience that makes the environment and its things objects of reflection and knowledge.

“The secondary experience is a re¯ective experience that makes the environment and its things as objects of re¯ection and knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Scientific observation is a practical accomplishment, a result of getting a whole arsenal of instruments to work.

“A scienti® c observation, as an Australian philosopher of science Allan Chalmers states, is a practical accomplishment.It is a result of getting a whole arsenal of instruments to work (Chalmers 1990).”

• cites Chalmers 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Dewey makes a distinction between primary and secondary experience.

“Dewey makes a distinction between a primary and a secondary experience.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Concepts and meanings are generalizations of the interactions between humans and the entities of environment, in practical activity.

“They are generalizations of the interactions between humans and the entities of environment, in practical activity.”

May combine two claims.

The excerpt and Kolb's interpretation of it gives a unilateral and erroneous picture of Dewey's theory on experience and reflective thought and action.

“As a matter of fact, the excerpt and Kolb' s interpretation of it gives a unilateral and erroneous picture of Dewey' s theory on experience and re¯ective thought and action (see ® gure 3).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Burke crystallizes Dewey's conception: the problem is not only how to formulate hypotheses on the basis of given data but how to reformulate hypotheses, based on the given data and on prior hypotheses that suggested how and why to gather those particular data in the first place.

“A student of Dewey' s logic, Tom Burke, crystallizes Dewey' s conception of the issue (1994 : 43) : the problem is not only how to formulate hypotheses on the basis of given data¼ but how to reformulate hypotheses, based on the given data and on prior hypotheses that suggested how and why to gather those particular data in the ® rst place.”

• cites 1994 : 43Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dewey cites Malinowski: Culture is at the same time psychological and collective.

“Dewey cites Bronislaw Malinowski (LW 1 : 364) : `Culture is at the same time psychological and collective' .”

• cites Malinowski LW 1:364Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

When the romantic biological and therapeutic ideas of humanistic psychology are combined with it, a thoroughly individualistic conception of learning emerges.

“When the romantic biological and therapeutic ideas of humanistic psychology are combined with it, a thoroughly individualistic conception of learning emerges.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It combines spontaneity, feeling, and deep individual insights with the possibility of rational thought and reflection.

“It combines spontaneity, feeling, and deep individual insights with the possibilityof rational thought and re¯ection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The idea of experiential learning forms an attractive package for adult educators.

“Perhaps the idea of experiential learning forms an attractive package for adult educators.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It comprises a positive ideology that is evidently important for adult education.

“It comprises a positive ideology that is evidently important for adult education.”

May combine two claims.

Although this procedure has developed into one of the tenets of T-group training, it is epistemologically highly problematic and cannot be generalized as a way in which people learn and gain understanding of the world and of their own possibilities in it.

“Although this procedure has developed into one of the tenets of T-group training, it is epistemologically highly problematic and cannot be generalized as a way in which people learn and gain understanding of the world and of their own possibilities in it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The value of thought lies in what can be accomplished by it.

“The value of thought lies in what can be accomplished by it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dewey's conception resembles closely Ian Hacking's idea that phenomena are constructed in a laboratory and do not exist as such in nature.

“It resembles closely the idea of Ian Hacking presented in his Representing and Intervening (1983) according to which phenomena are constructed in a laboratory and do not exist as such in nature.”

• cites Hacking 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dewey's conception has many similar features with actor network theory developed by Bruno Latour.

“It has also many similar features with actor network theory developed by Bruno Latour.”

• cites Latour 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

It maintains the humanistic belief in every individual's capacity to grow and learn, so important for the concept of lifelong learning.

“It maintains the humanistic belief in every individual' s capacity to grow and learn, so important for the concept of life long learning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Along with that package, adult education is at risk of remaining a quasi-scientific academic field without connection to the philosophical, anthropological, sociological and psychological studies of learning and thought.

“Along with that package, adult education is at risk of remaining a quasi-scienti® c academic ® eld without connection to the philosophical, anthropological, sociological and psychological studies of learning and thought.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The concept of experiential learning in the form used by Kolb is widely used in adult education research and practice.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For Dewey, there is no reflective thought without a disturbance in the habits and ways of doing things, without hypotheses and testing them in practice.

“For Dewey, there is no re¯ective thought without a disturbance in the habits and ways of doing things, without hypotheses and testing them in practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In Dewey's thinking, experience includes the objective forms of interaction between humans and the environment including all the artefacts and things involved in the interaction.

“In his thinking, experience includes the objective forms of interaction between humans and the environment including all the artefacts and things involved in the interaction.”

May combine two claims.

To Dewey, experience is not a matter of psychological state, nor anything in the minds of individuals.

“To Dewey, experience is not a matter of psychological state, nor anything in the minds of individuals.”