The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Contract cheating and assessment design: exploring the relationship
Open accessAbstract
This paper reports on findings from a large Australian research project that explored the relationship between contract cheating and assessment design. Using survey responses from 14,086 students and 1147 educators at eight universities, a multivariate analysis examined the influence of a range of factors on the likelihood that different assessment types would prompt considerations of contract cheating in students. Perceptions of likelihood were highest among students who speak a language other than English at home. Perceptions of likelihood were also higher among students who reported there to be lots of opportunities to cheat, and amongst students who were dissatisfied with the teaching and learning environment. Perceptions of likelihood for certain assessment types were also higher in commerce and engineering than in any other discipline. Overall, four assessment types were perceived by students to be the least likely to be outsourced, however these are also the least likely to be set by educators. The analysis indicates that educators are more likely to use these assessment tasks when they report positively on organisational support for teaching and learning.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As with pre-AI discussions of academic integrity, it is important to recognise that students' misconduct is not equal across all assessment types; some forms lend themselves to academic dishonesty more than others (Bretag et al., 2019).”
From The AI Assessment Scale (AIAS) in action: A pilot implementation of GenAI supported assessment (2024) · cites this paper as Bretag et al., 2019
Citations
Cites
A five-dimensional framework for authentic assessment
Gulikers, J. T. M., Bastiaens, T. J., & Kirschner, P. A. (2004) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02504676 · Cited by 916
Academic Dishonesty: Honor Codes and other Contextual Influences
McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1993) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.1993.11778446 · Cited by 855
McCabe, D. L., & Treviño, L. K. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315263465-43 · Cited by 732
Contract cheating: a survey of australian university students
Bretag, T., Harper, R., Burton, M., Ellis, C., Newton, P., Rozenberg, P., Saddiqui, S., & van Haeringen, K. (2019) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2018.1462788 · Cited by 476
Self-citationPerforming the sharing economy
Richardson, L. (2015) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.11.004 · Cited by 465
Cheating among college and university students: A North American perspective
McCabe, D. L. (2005) · International Journal for Educational Integrity · doi:10.21913/ijei.v1i1.14 · Cited by 459
Developing Effective Assessment in Higher Education: A Practical Guide
Bloxham, S., & Boyd, P. (2007) · Insight (University of Cumbria) · Cited by 377
Association for the Study of Higher Education (2006) · ASHE Higher Education Report · doi:10.1002/(issn)1554-6306 · Cited by 322
In their own words: a qualitative study of the reasons Australian university students plagiarize
Devlin, M., & Gray, K. (2007) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360701310805 · Cited by 268
Marsden, H., Carroll, M., & Neill, J. T. (2005) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530412331283426 · Cited by 267
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Arkoudis S., 2016, International Education Association of Australia Research Digest, 8
- Bretag T, 2007, People and Place, 15, 13
- Herrington J., 2006, Proceedings of the 2006 Annual International Conference of the Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia Inc (HERDSA): Critical Visions: Thinking, Learning and Researching in Higher Education: Research and Development in Higher Education 29, 141
- O’Malley M., 2012, International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education (Formerly CAL-Laborate International), 20
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 201
Methodological and Ethical Approaches to Studying Contract Cheating: A Systematic Literature Review
Liyanagamage, N., Asylguzhina, E., Vel, P., Khan, Z. R., Fernando, M., & Lancaster, T. (2025) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-025-09599-y · Cited by 8
Making Online Assessment Active and Authentic
Hillier, M. (2023) · University development and administration · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4170-4_17 · Cited by 6
Addressing contract cheating in Kosovo and international practices
Shala, S., Spahiu, M. H., & Selimaj, A. (2020) · International Journal for Educational Integrity · doi:10.1007/s40979-020-00061-7 · Cited by 4
A Three-Step Approach to Shift from Assessment Integrity to Assurance of Learning in the Age of AI
Thite, S. D., Danish, N., Florez, G. O., & Rougieux, F. (2024) · 2024 World Engineering Education Forum - Global Engineering Deans Council (WEEF-GEDC) · doi:10.1109/weef-gedc63419.2024.10854944 · Cited by 3
The Current State of Undergraduate Hydrology Courses in North America: A Path Forward
Kelleher, C. A., Gannon, J. P., & Ciruzzi, D. M. (2026) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2025wr041736 · Cited by 3
Pedagogical Models of Digital Learning in the United Kingdom: Lessons for Africa
Shaw, P., & Rawlinson, S. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80382-193-120221003 · Cited by 3
Designing Authentic Assessment to Improve Academic Integrity
Lehane, S., & Wright, A. S. (2024) · International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAd) · doi:10.4995/head24.2024.17136 · Cited by 6
Diverging Assessment: A Student Perspective
Billingsley, W. H., Branković, L., Li, N., Paúl, D., Sakzad, A., Skerritt, M. P., & Sheard, J. (2025) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3724363.3729052 · Cited by 3
An Update on AI Hallucinations: Not as Bad as You Remember or as You’ve Been Told
King, M. R. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering · doi:10.1007/s12195-025-00874-x · Cited by 3
Academic Integrity in Online Foreign Language Assessment
Sevimel-Sahin, A. (2023) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5660-6.ch015 · Cited by 3
Contract Cheating: Introduction
Curtis, G. J. (2024) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-54144-5_108 · Cited by 4
Coordinating Ethical Assessment at the Program Level
Bens, S. (2024) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-54144-5_91 · Cited by 3
Contract Cheating: Practical Considerations
Lancaster, T. (2024) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-54144-5_191 · Cited by 5
Academic Dishonesty in Virtual Assessment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Cultural Study
Navidinia, H., Năznean, A., Sourani, M., & Hekmati, N. (2024) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-024-00829-2 · Cited by 4
Academic Dishonesty in Higher Education: A Bibliometric Analysis
Azemi, A., Azhar, S. M. F. J., Azhar, S. M. F. J., & Jamaludin, N. A. (2024) · International Journal of Religion · doi:10.61707/bwsq2v18 · Cited by 3
Percusión e identidad : aproximación antropológica a nueve comunidades del Bajo Aragón turolense
Rodríguez, L. S. (1987) · Virtual Defense Library (Ministerio de Defensa) · Cited by 3
Will a Paradigm Shift Emerge in Higher Education Institutions After Covid-19?
Sultan, P., Khan, M. M. K., Lee, S. H., & Oo, A. M. T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7299-7_22 · Cited by 3
Integrity and Motivation in Remote Assessment
Carbonel, H., Belardi, A., Ross, J., & Jullien, J.-M. (2025) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v29i2.4309 · Cited by 4
Pike, R. K., Buck, L. A., Tsoukkas, E., & Bell, E. F. (2025) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2025.2539291 · Cited by 4
Felipe, A. L., Khwakhali, U. S., & Nguyen, T. N. (2025) · International STEM Education Conference (iSTEM-Ed) · doi:10.1109/istem-ed65612.2025.11129352 · Cited by 2
Which inference is at risk? Assessment validity reasoning and generative AI
Weidlich, J. (2026) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2026.2734795 · Cited by 6
Assessment of an online open‐book examination in postgraduate dentistry
Millar, B., & Hussain, F. (2023) · European Journal Of Dental Education · doi:10.1111/eje.12967 · Cited by 2
Encountering and Countering Academic Misconduct in Student Mathematical Work
Seaton, K. (2024) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-54144-5_180 · Cited by 2
Our cheating is not your cheating: signature misconduct exemplified in mathematics
Larkins, J., & Seaton, K. (2024) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2024.2342921 · Cited by 2
Improving academic integrity through authentic assessment design
Lehane, S., Wright, A. S., & Fenton, P. (2024) · Irish Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03323315.2024.2441164 · Cited by 5
Quesnel, M. S., & Stoesz, B. M. (2025) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.9529 · Cited by 3
Strachan, R., Anderson, E., Oguna, C., & Oruche, U. (2025) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon62633.2025.11016480 · Cited by 2
Galera, J. V., & Estrellan, J. C. (2025) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.410209 · Cited by 2
Academic Integrity in Selected Western Canadian Colleges and Polytechnics: A Policy Analysis
Vogt, L., Eaton, S. E., Stoesz, B. M., & Seeland, J. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy · doi:10.7202/1118737ar · Cited by 5
Avenues for Authentic Learning in Engineering Education through Reflection and Co-Creation
Arefi, S. M. S. A. (2022) · IEEE World Engineering Education Conference (EDUNINE) · doi:10.1109/edunine53672.2022.9782320 · Cited by 2
An Equitable Approach to Academic Integrity Through Alternative Assessment
Elkhoury, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-079-7_135-1 · Cited by 3
“CTRL + C, CTRL + V”: ACADEMIC INTEGRITY IN ONLINE LANGUAGE LEARNING
Gabatin, L. A., Loquias, C. M. M., Redondo, M. M., & Fajardo, D. F. (2023) · DIALEKTIKA JURNAL BAHASA SASTRA DAN BUDAYA · doi:10.33541/dia.v10i2.5392 · Cited by 1
Kramer, A., Stienstra, M., & Hsiao, Y. P. (2024) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1001-4.ch008 · Cited by 1
Chacko, J., Collignon, S. E., Green, C., & Peace, G. E. (2024) · Journal of Information Systems Education · doi:10.62273/csgl6637 · Cited by 1
Viewpoint: Understanding criteria changes of effective teaching in Australian higher education
Yu, S. (2024) · International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences · doi:10.1108/ijqss-11-2024-193 · Cited by 1
Akoto, E. O., Boateng, I., & Gyimah, P. (2025) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-025-09678-0 · Cited by 1
Artificial intelligence in higher education: student use, perceived benefits, and emerging risks
Enriquez, P., Lin, H.-Y., & Baciu, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1812390 · Cited by 2
Unique data sets aid in detecting and proving contract cheating in numerical examination questions
Lim, K. F. (2022) · Physics Education · doi:10.1088/1361-6552/ac90a8 · Cited by 1
ASYNCHRONOUS MODE: PRACTICES TO SUCCEED IN A WARTIME
Kornytska, Y. A., Kolisnyk, M. P., & SOKYRSKA, O. (2023) · Innovate Pedagogy · doi:10.32782/2663-6085/2023/57.1.52 · Cited by 4
Arzaga, J. S. (2023) · International Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Business and Education Research · doi:10.11594/ijmaber.04.05.15 · Cited by 1
Contract Cheating: Introduction
Curtis, G. J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-079-7_108-2 · Cited by 1
Encountering and Countering Academic Misconduct in Student Mathematical Work
Seaton, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-079-7_180-1 · Cited by 1
Understanding Contract Cheating Businesses
Ellis, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-079-7_109-1 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLies, Lies, Lies: Detecting Deception and Implications for Investigations of Academic Cheating
Stoesz, B. M. (2023) · Ethics and integrity in educational contexts · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43292-7_4 · Cited by 1
Tertiary Education Assessment Amidst COVID-19: Adjustments to Maintain Score Validity
Lim, L. (2021) · Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice · doi:10.33423/jhetp.v21i15.4886 · Cited by 1
Pre-Service EFL Teacher Candidates' Concerns Over Digital Language Assessment and Test Anxiety
Kılıçkaya, F. (2022) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-4205-0.ch008 · Cited by 1
L’évaluation sous surveillance par caméra
BISTODEAU, A., Lafleur, F., & Michelot, F. (2022) · Distances et médiations des savoirs · doi:10.4000/dms.8168 · Cited by 1
Academic and Research Integrity as Transdisciplinary Fields of Scholarship and Professional Practice
Eaton, S. E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39989-3_165 · Cited by 1
Coordinating Ethical Assessment at the Program Level
Bens, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39989-3_91 · Cited by 1
Encountering and Countering Academic Misconduct in Student Mathematical Work
Seaton, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39989-3_180 · Cited by 1
Integrating Academic Integrity: An Educational Approach
Morris, E. J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39989-3_96 · Cited by 1
Contract Cheating: Introduction
Curtis, G. J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39989-3_108 · Cited by 1
Contract Cheating: Practical Considerations
Lancaster, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39989-3_191 · Cited by 1
Response re: Different approaches for reducing cheating in online assessments
Ng, C. K. C. (2021) · Journal of medical imaging and radiation sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jmir.2021.07.004 · Cited by 1
The Role of General Self-efficacy on Academic Integrity
Karakaş, M. (2021) · International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Education · doi:10.29329/ijiape.2021.333.2
Academic Integrity of Tourism Students
Yabancı, O. (2021) · Advances in mobile and distance learning book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8661-7.ch003
Modern Approaches to Teaching and Assessment of Higher Education Seekers: A Conceptual Vision
Pylypiv, V., Dіachenko, R., Nikolaiko, H., Kuzmenko, T., Власенко, С. В., & Makhrova, A. (2022) · Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice · doi:10.33423/jhetp.v22i18.5709
Lim, S. H., & Lin, Z. (2023) · The National Teaching & Learning Forum · doi:10.1002/ntlf.30356
Confronting Assessment Integrity of Higher Education Institutions during COVID-19 Pandemic
Inciso, A. A. C. (2023) · International Journal of Research Publications · doi:10.47119/ijrp1001191220234478
What is the Point of Assessments?
Adamu, N. (2023) · Education and human development · doi:10.5772/intechopen.110379
Contract Cheating: Practical Considerations
Lancaster, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-079-7_191-1 · Cited by 1
Contract Cheating: Introduction
Curtis, G. J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-079-7_108-1
Making Online Assessment Active and Authentic
Hillier, M. (2023) · University development and administration · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9438-8_17-1
Academic integrity and ethical leadership: shaping the path for future managers
Yuliia, K., & Dukhanina, N. M. (2023) · Наукові інновації та передові технології · doi:10.52058/2786-5274-2023-6(20
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY AND ETHICAL LEADERSHIP: SHAPING THE PATH FOR FUTURE MANAGERS
Корницька, Ю., & Dukhanina, N. (2023) · Наукові інновації та передові технології · doi:10.52058/2786-5274-2023-6(20)-382-388
Enabling Ableism: Using Academic Integrity Arguments to Create Disability in Testing Environments
McDermott, B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-079-7_129-1
Coordinating Ethical Assessment at the Program Level
Bens, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-079-7_91-1
An Equitable Approach to Academic Integrity Through Alternative Assessment
Elkhoury, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39989-3_135
Enabling Ableism: Using Academic Integrity Arguments to Create Disability in Testing Environments
McDermott, B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39989-3_129
Understanding Contract Cheating Businesses
Ellis, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39989-3_109
Self-citationAn Equitable Approach to Academic Integrity Through Alternative Assessment
Elkhoury, E. (2024) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-54144-5_135
Navigating Remedial Dhikr and Surah Memorization: A Quest for Improvement or Procedural Challenges?
Surawardi, Hamdi, S., & Maulidi, A. R. (2023) · Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam (Journal of Islamic Education Studies) · doi:10.15642/jpai.2023.11.1.71-88
Khun, J. L. T., Ching, Q. H., Darmaraj, S. R., Tan, K. T. L., & Ramakrishnan, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-8472-5_24
Spennemann, D. H. R., Spennemann, R. J., & Singh, C. (2024) · Forensic Science International Digital Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.fsidi.2024.301821 · Cited by 1
Assessment Design Before and After the Emergence of Generative AI
Tran, Q. N., Ngoc, T. N., Pham, T., Felipe, A., Huynh, T., & Tran, Q. N. (2024) · Lecture notes in mechanical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59042-9_12 · Cited by 1
Leaving No Students Behind: Reimagining Our Design Practices to Remove Barriers
Sharif, A., Chan, J., Welsh, A., Myers, J., Engle, W., & Wilson, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69449-3_9
Shaikh, A., Haque, R., Ullah, S., Shahid, E., & Sharif, A. (2024) · Journal of Policy Research · doi:10.61506/02.00175
Groves, A., & Nagy, V. M. (2025) · Higher Education Policy · doi:10.1057/s41307-025-00402-6
Carpio, A. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-6375-2.ch008
Reflecting on Two Decades of Online and Blended Learning at an Australian Multi-Campus University
Pace, S. A. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-680-520251002
Salvi, D. H. N. G. D. F., & Dagade, D. A. (2026) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Communication and Technology · doi:10.48175/ijarsct-31149
Matos, Y. A. D. (2026) · International Journal of Scientific Research and Modern Technology. · doi:10.38124/ijsrmt.v5i2.1232
Conocimiento y percepción de prácticas indebidas en estudiantes universitarios
Yucra-Sevillano, S., Nuñez-Zevallos, M., & Zevallos, G. E. N. (2026) · Revista Innova Educación · doi:10.35622/j.rie.2026.01.003
Al-Momani, A. M., Alharbi, H. H. M., Albogami, M. M. A., Aldawsari, R. A., Alateeq, S., Khawaji, T. M., Alotaibi, A., & Alshammari, M. D. M. (2026) · EDPACS · doi:10.1080/07366981.2026.2645145
Artificial Intelligence in Education Writing Assistance, Tutoring, Creativity, and Ethical Concerns
Duinong, M., Dohny, Q., Shamsuddin, M. R. B., Tamin, O., Rajak, M. A. A., & Moses, L. B. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/406022
Madkour, ِ. F. K., Alazab, H. O. F., & Soliman, M. W. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8241682/v1
Maphalala, M. C., & Cele, S. M. K. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-1443-1.ch006
Forgas, R. C., Adillón, M. V., Lancaster, T., & Mainardes, J. (2026) · International Journal for Educational Integrity · doi:10.1007/s40979-026-00221-1
Jones, B., & Jones, L. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04894-8
Academic integrity among undergraduate students: Does academic environment matter?
Dang, V. H., Nguyen, L. T., & Le, H. T. T. (2026) · Journal of Leadership and Quality in Education · doi:10.65956/leqa.2026.54
Reimagining Doctoral Research in the Age of AI
Dhanapal, K., Sivaprakkash, S., Banu, R., & Xavier, N. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-3204-6.ch007
Lifelong Learning in the Age of Generative AI: A Neuro-Educational Pillar of the LEARN Framework
Chant, G. G., Uden, L., & Kasinathan, V. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-33997-3_30
AKYÜREK, M. İ., & Arslan, M. (2026) · Quality Assurance in Education · doi:10.1108/qae-02-2026-0061
Bekele, M. T. (2026) · International Journal of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.64823/ijcsa.2601008
GenAI Assessment and Language Equity: Drawing the Line between Support and Substitution
Li, G. (2026) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-026-09760-1
Abhishek, N. A., Nayak, K. M., Divyashree, M. S., & Jain, U. (2026) · Frontiers of digital education. · doi:10.1007/s44366-026-0102-2
Yadav, M., & Nghiem, X. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-3653-2.ch004
From Cheating Prevention to Integrity Innovation in AI-Based Assessment
Nandal, N., Chahal, D., -, R. D., Joshi, R., & Yadav, S. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-8939-4.ch010
Torres, G., Apolo, A. M. A., & Aguilar, K. E. G. (2026) · Educação em Revista · doi:10.1590/0102-469867812t
Torres, G., Apolo, A. M. A., & Aguilar, K. E. G. (2026) · Educação em Revista · doi:10.1590/0102-469867812
Metadata
- Authors
- Bretag, T., Harper, R., Burton, M., Ellis, C., Newton, P., van Haeringen, K., Saddiqui, S., & Rozenberg, P.
- Affiliations
- University of South Australia (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Swansea University (GB)
- Griffith University (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Bretag, Tracey
- ORCID
- Venue
- Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2018-12-14
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 676-691
- ISSN
- 0260-2938 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-297X
- OpenAlex
- W2905256499
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 22.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Government Department of Education and Training (SP16-5383)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Academic integrity and plagiarism
- Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
- Social Sciences › Education › Evaluation of Teaching Practices
- Keywords
- contract cheating, academic integrity, assessment design, student perceptions, assessment types, language background, teaching and learning environment, higher education teachers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review