CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 17Student Assessment and FeedbackEvaluation of Teaching PracticesHigher Education Practises and Engagement

The student feedback literacy instrument (SFLI): multilingual validation and introduction of a short-form version

Open access
Weidlich, J., Jivet, I., Woitt, S., Orhan Göksün, D., Kraus, J., Drachsler, H.·2025·Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education
DOI 10.1080/02602938.2025.2451729
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Feedback literacy is increasingly recognized as essential individual difference for how students approach and learn from feedback in higher education. This study provides validity evidence for a refined version of the Student Feedback Literacy Instrument (SFLI), designed to measure the construct across two dimensions –feedback attitudes and feedback practices– in three languages: German, English, and Turkish. We developed both a full-length and a short-form version (SFLI-S). Using confirmatory factor analyses on different student samples (Ntotal= 1424), we confirmed the two-factor structure across languages, supporting the model of feedback literacy comprising of attitudinal and behavioral components. Associations with related constructs further support the instrument’s convergent validity. As a psychometrically sound, multilingual instrument, the SFLI can facilitate cross-cultural feedback literacy research and provides a valuable tool for research and educational practice. The SFLI-S offers an economical alternative, enabling wider integration into studies on how students engage with feedback.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/02602938.2025.2451729

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 33

  1. Beaton, D. E., C. Bombardier, F. Guillemin, and M. B. Ferraz. 2000. "Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures. " Spine 25 (24): 3186-3191. doi:10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014. · DOI · Paper page
  2. Biggs, J., D. Kember, and D. Y. Leung. 2001. "The Revised Two-Factor Study Process Questionnaire: R-SPQ-2F. " British Journal of Educational Psychology 71 (1): 133-149. doi:10.1348/000709901158433. · DOI · Paper page
  3. Bless, H., M. Wänke, G. Bohner, R. F. Fellhauer, and N. Schwarz. 1994. "Need for Cognition: Eine Skala Zur Erfassung von Engagement Und Freude Bei Denkaufgaben. " Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 25 (2): 147-154.
  4. Butler, D. L., and P. H. Winne. 1995. "Feedback and Self-Regulated Learning: A Theoretical Synthesis. " Review of Educational Research 65 (3): 245-281. doi:10.3102/00346543065003245. · DOI · Paper page
  5. Cacioppo, J. T., R. E. Petty, J. A. Feinstein, and W. B. G. Jarvis. 1996. "Dispositional Differences in Cognitive Motivation: The Life and Times of Individuals varying in Need for Cognition. " Psychological Bulletin 119 (2): 197-253. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197. · DOI · Paper page
  6. Costello, A. B., and J. Osborne. 2005. "Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most from Your Analysis. " Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation 10 (1): 7.
  7. Dawson, P., Z. Yan, A. Lipnevich, J. Tai, D. Boud, and P. Mahoney. 2024. "Measuring What Learners Do in Feedback: The Feedback Literacy Behaviour Scale. " Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 49 (3): 348-362. doi:10.1080 /02602938.2023.2240983. · DOI
  8. Dong, Z., Y. Gao, and C. D. Schunn. 2023. "Assessing Students' Peer Feedback Literacy in Writing: Scale Development and validation. " Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 48 (8): 1103-1118. doi:10.1080/02602938.2023.2175781. · DOI
  9. Duckworth, A. L., C. Peterson, M. D. Matthews, and D. R. Kelly. 2007. "Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals. " Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92 (6): 1087-1101. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087. · DOI · Paper page
  10. Duckworth, A. L., and P. D. Quinn. 2009. "Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (GRIT-S). " Journal of Personality Assessment 91 (2): 166-174. doi:10.1080/00223890802634290. · DOI · Paper page
  11. Hagger, M. S., and K. Hamilton. 2019. "Grit and Self-Discipline as Predictors of Effort and Academic Attainment. " The British Journal of Educational Psychology 89 (2): 324-342. doi:10.1111/bjep.12241. · DOI
  12. Herzberg, P. Y., and E. Brähler. 2006. "Assessing the Big-Five Personality Domains via Short Forms. " European Journal of Psychological Assessment 22 (3): 139-148. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.22.3.139. · DOI
  13. Hoebel, J., S. Müters, B. Kuntz, C. Lange, and T. Lampert. 2015. "Measuring Subjective Social Status in Health Research with a German version of the MacArthur Scale. " Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 58 (7): 749-757. doi:10.1007/s00103-015-2166-x. · DOI
  14. Hu, L. T., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. "Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives. " Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (1): 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118. International Test Commission. 2017. The ITC Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests. 2nd ed. https://www.intestcom. org/files/guideline_test_adaptation_2ed.pdf · DOI · Paper page
  15. Kraus, J. M., Y. Forster, S. Hergeth, and M. Baumann. 2019. "Two Routes to Trust Calibration: Effects of Reliability and Brand Information on Trust in Automation. " International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction)11 (3): 1-17. doi:10.4018/IJMHCI.2019070101. · DOI · Paper page
  16. Lam, K. K. L., and M. Zhou. 2022. "Grit and Academic Achievement: A Comparative Cross-Cultural Meta-Analysis. " Journal of Educational Psychology 114 (3): 597-621. doi:10.1037/edu0000699. · DOI
  17. Linderbaum, B. A., and P. E. Levy. 2010. "The Development and validation of the Feedback Orientation Scale (FOS). " Journal of Management 36 (6): 1372-1405. doi:10.1177/0149206310373145. · DOI
  18. Little, T., P. Dawson, D. Boud, and J. Tai. 2024. "Can Students' Feedback Literacy be Improved? A Scoping Review of Interventions. " Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 49 (1): 39-52. doi:10.1080/02602938.2023.2177613. · DOI
  19. Liu, Q., and J. C. Nesbit. 2024. "The Relation between Need for Cognition and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis. " Review of Educational Research 94 (2): 155-192. doi:10.3102/00346543231160474. · DOI
  20. Pazio Rossiter, M., and R. Bale. 2023. "Cultural and Linguistic Dimensions of Feedback: A Model of Intercultural Feedback Literacy. " Innovations in Education and Teaching International 60 (3): 368-378. doi:10.1080/14703297.20 23.2175017. · DOI
  21. Porter, S. R., M. E. Whitcomb, and W. H. Weitzer. 2004. "Multiple Surveys of Students and Survey Fatigue. " New Directions for Institutional Research 2004 (121): 63-73. doi:10.1002/ir.101. · DOI
  22. Rammstedt, B., and O. P. John. 2007. "Measuring Personality in One Minute or Less: A 10-Item Short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. " Journal of Research in Personality 41 (1): 203-212. doi:10.1016/j. jrp.2006.02.001. · DOI · Paper page
  23. Rolstad, S., J. Adler, and A. Rydén. 2011. "Response Burden and Questionnaire Length: Is Shorter Better? A Review and Meta-Analysis. " Value in Health: The Journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research 14 (8): 1101-1108. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2011.06.003. · DOI
  24. Rovagnati, v., and E. Pitt. 2022. "Exploring Intercultural Dialogic Interactions between Individuals with Diverse Feedback Literacies. " Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 47 (7): 1057-1070. doi:10.1080/02602938.2021.2006601. · DOI
  25. Schmidt, F. T., J. Fleckenstein, J. Retelsdorf, L. Eskreis-Winkler, and J. Möller. 2019. "Measuring Grit: A German validation and a Domain-Specific Approach to Grit. " European Journal of Psychological Assessment 35 (3): 436-447. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000407. · DOI
  26. Schreiber, J. B. 2008. "Core Reporting Practices in Structural Equation Modeling. " Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy: RSAP 4 (2): 83-97. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2007.04.003. · DOI
  27. Song, B. K. 2022. "Bifactor Modelling of the Psychological Constructs of Learner Feedback Literacy: Conceptions of Feedback, Feedback Trust and Self-Efficacy. " Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 47 (8): 1444-1457. doi:1 0.1080/02602938.2022.2042187. · DOI
  28. Sutton, P. 2012. "Conceptualizing Feedback Literacy: Knowing, Being, and Acting. " Innovations in Education and Teaching International 49 (1): 31-40. doi:10.1080/14703297.2012.647781. · DOI
  29. Winstone, N. E., G. Mathlin, and R. A. Nash. 2019. "Building Feedback Literacy: Students' Perceptions of the Developing Engagement with Feedback Toolkit. " Frontiers in Education 4: 39. doi:10.3389/feduc.2019.00039. · DOI
  30. Woitt, S., J. Weidlich, I. Jivet, D. Orhan Göksün, H. Drachsler, and M. Kalz. 2025. "Students' Feedback Literacy in Higher Education: An Initial Scale validation Study. " Teaching in Higher Education 30 (1): 257-276. doi:10.1080/13 562517.2023.2263838. · DOI · Paper page
  31. Yildiz, H., E. Bozpolat, and E. Hazar. 2022. "Feedback Literacy Scale: A Study of validation and Reliability. " International Journal of Eurasian Education and Culture 7 (19): 2214-2249. doi:10.35826/ijoecc.624. · DOI
  32. Yu, S., E. Di Zhang, and C. Liu. 2022. "Assessing L2 Student Writing Feedback Literacy: A Scale Development and validation Study. " Assessing Writing 53: 100643. doi:10.1016/j.asw.2022.100643. · DOI
  33. Zhan, Y. 2022. "Developing and validating a Student Feedback Literacy Scale. " Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 47 (7): 1087-1100. doi:10.1080/02602938.2021.2001430. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Weidlich, J., Jivet, I., Woitt, S., Orhan Göksün, D., Kraus, J., & Drachsler, H.
Affiliations
  • University of Zurich (CH)
  • FernUniversität in Hagen (DE)
  • Heidelberg University of Education (DE)
  • Adyiaman University
  • Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
  • Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
Corresponding author
Weidlich, J.
ORCID
Venue
Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2025-01-21
Volume
50
Issue
5
Pages
677-693
ISSN
  • 0260-2938 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-297X
DOI
10.1080/02602938.2025.2451729
OpenAlex
W4406678804
Cited by
17
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 5
FWCI
21.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Pedocs (German Institute for International Educational Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • peDOCS (cc-by)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
  • Social Sciences › Education › Evaluation of Teaching Practices
  • Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Practises and Engagement
Keywords
feedback literacy, feedback practices, short-form instrument, cross-cultural measurement, university students, psychometric validation, convergent validity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review