Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

Cacioppo, John T.; Petty, Richard E.; Feinstein, Jeffrey A.; Jarvis, W. Blair G.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197

Cited by 2,517Psychological Testing and AssessmentPersonality Traits and PsychologySocial and Intergroup Psychology

Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

Cacioppo, John T., Petty, Richard E., Feinstein, Jeffrey A., Jarvis, W. Blair G.·1996·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197

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All tests of intelligence or cognitive aptitude are optimal performance assessments, whereas measures of thinking dispositions are often assessed under typical performance conditions.
“All tests of intelligence or cognitive aptitude are optimal performance assessments, whereas measures of thinking dispositions are often assessed under typical performance conditions (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997;Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996;Norris & Ennis, 1989;Perkins, 1995;Sternberg, 2003;Zeidner & Matthews, 2000).”
From The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks (2011) · cites this paper as Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996

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Koestner, R., Zuckerman, M., & Koestner, J. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.383 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The Conflicted Individual: Personality‐Based and Domain Specific Antecedents of Ambivalent Social Attitudes
Thompson, M. M., & Zanna, M. P. (1995) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00810.x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Cognitive variables associated with personal problem-solving appraisal: Implications for counseling.
Heppner, P. P., Reeder, B. L., & Larson, L. M. (1983) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.30.4.537 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Uncertainty orientation and persuasion: Individual differences in the effects of personal relevance on social judgments.
Sorrentino, R. M., Bobocel, D. R., Gitta, M. Z., Olson, J. M., & Hewitt, E. C. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.3.357 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Need for cognition and external information search effort
Verplanken, B., Hazenberg, P. T., & Palenéwen, G. R. (1992) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(92)90049-a · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Need for Cognition and External Information Search: Responses to Time Pressure during Decision-Making
Verplanken, B. (1993) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1993.1017 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Stability of Self‐Esteem: Assessment, Correlates, and Excuse Making
Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., & Barclay, L. C. (1992) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00923.x · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Curiosity and Need for Cognition
Olson, K., Camp, C. J., & Fuller, D. (1984) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1984.54.1.71 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Psychometric validation of two Procrastination inventories for adults: Arousal and avoidance measures
Ferrari, J. R. (1992) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00965170 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments
Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420240103 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citation
Individual differences in causal uncertainty.
Weary, G., & Edwards, J. A. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.67.2.308 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The Clinical Psychology of Aging
Storandt, M., Siegler, I. C., & Elias, M. F. (1978) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3342-5 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
An investigation of receiver apprehension and social context dimensions of communication apprehension
Wheeless, L. R. (1975) · The Speech Teacher · doi:10.1080/03634527509378169 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Getting an Angle in Advertising: The Effect of Camera Angle on Product Evaluations
Meyers‐Levy, J., & Peracchio, L. A. (1992) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3172711 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
When rewards reflect competence: A qualification of the overjustification effect.
Rosenfield, D., Folger, R., & Adelman, H. F. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.368 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Measurement of Alexithymia
Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (1988) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30486-6 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Conceptualizing Affect as Information in Communication Production
Booth‐Butterfield, M., & Booth‐Butterfield, S. (1990) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1990.tb00219.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The Validity Effect: A Search for Mediating Variables
Boehm, L. E. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294203006 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
So what do you propose we use instead? A reply to Block.
Goldberg, L. R., & Saucier, G. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.221 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Uncertainty orientation: Implications for affective and cognitive views of achievement behavior.
Sorrentino, R. M., Short, J.-A. C., & Raynor, J. O. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.1.189 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Multiple Roles for Affect in Persuasion
Petty, R. E., Gleicher, F., & Baker, S. M. (2020) · Garland Science eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003058731-13 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citation
THE ROLE OF AFFECT IN THE ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL OF PERSUASION
(2015) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315743974-15 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
A model for assessing the effects of communication on recreationists.
Manfredo, M., & Bright, A. (1991) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.1991.11969840 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
A Study of Riesman's Theory of Social Character
Kassarjian, W. M. (1962) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2786125 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Need for Cognition Scale
Osberg, T. M. (1987) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5103_11 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Children's causal attributions for success and failure in achievement settings: A meta-analysis.
Whitley, B. E., & Frieze, I. H. (1985) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.77.5.608 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
On measuring (in)dependence of cognitive processes.
Howe, M. L., Rabinowitz, F. M., & Grant, M. J. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.737 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Dimensions of the Need for Cognition: Subscales and Gender Differences
Tanaka, J. S., Panter, A. T., & Winborne, W. C. (1988) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2301_2 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Spontaneous Inference Processes in Advertising: Effects of Need for Cognition and Self‐Monitoring on Inference Generation and Utilization
Stayman, D. M., & Kardes, F. R. (1992) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/s1057-7408(08)80053-8 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Negative Emotion and Message Processing
Baron, R. A., Logan, H. L., Lilly, J., Inman, M. L., & BRENNAN, M. D. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1994.1009 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Thinking about strategies during, before, and after making a decision.
Johnson, M. M. S. (1993) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.8.2.231 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Investigation of student status, background variables, and feasibility of standard tasks in cognitive aging research.
Salthouse, T. A., Kausler, D. H., & Saults, J. S. (1988) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.3.1.29 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Objectivism in Information Utilization: Theory and Measurement
Leary, M. R., Shepperd, J. A., McNeil, M., Jenkins, T. B., & Barnes, B. D. (1986) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_5 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Need for cognition and desire for control as moderators of extrinsic reward effects: A person × situation approach to the study of intrinsic motivation.
Thompson, E. P., Chaiken, S., & Hazlewood, J. D. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.6.987 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Juror interpretations of ambiguous evidence: The need for cognition, presentation order, and persuasion.
Kassin, S. M., Reddy, M., & Tulloch, W. F. (1990) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01055788 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
An Examination of the Short Need for Cognition Scale
Sadowski, C. J. (1993) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1993.9915581 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Persuasive Communication of Risk Information: A Test of Cue Versus Message Processing Effects in a Field Experiment
Verplanken, B. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616729101700211 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Need for Cognition and the Correspondence Bias
D’Agostino, P. R., & Fincher‐Kiefer, R. (1992) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1992.10.2.151 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Dogmatism and tolerance for ambiguity as determinants of differential reactions to cognitive inconsistency.
Shaffer, D. R., & Hendrick, C. (1974) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036678 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Tolerance for mental effort: self-ratings related to perception, performance and personality.
Dornic, S., Ekehammar, B., & Laaksonen, T. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90118-u · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Attitude accessibility as a moderator of autonomic reactivity during decision making.
Blascovich, J., Ernst, J. M., Tomaka, J., Kelsey, R. M., Salomon, K., & Fázio, R. H. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.2.165 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
INTERNAL CONSISTENCY AND TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY OF THE NEED FOR COGNITION SCALE
Sadowski, C. J., & Gülgöz, S. (1992) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1992.74.2.610 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Need for Cognition, Causal Processing, and Memory for Behavior
Lassiter, G. D., Briggs, M. A., & Slaw, R. D. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167291176013 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Predictors of Sentencing Decisions: The Beliefs, Personality Variables, and Demographic Factors of Juvenile Justice
Davis, T. L., Severy, L. J., Kraus, S. J., & Whitaker, J. M. (1993) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01098.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Thought systems, argument quality, and persuasion.
Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1991) · doi:10.4324/9781315807409-13 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citation
Personality Correlates of Confidence in One's Decisions
Wolfe, R. N., & Grosch, J. W. (1990) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00241.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Need for Cognition and the Perception of Ongoing Behavior
Lassiter, G. D., Briggs, M. A., & Bowman, R. E. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616729101700206 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The link between need for cognition and political interest, involvement, and media usage.
Condra, M. B. (1992) · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Prediction of First-Year Graduate Success in Psychology: Peer Ratings
Wiggins, N., Blackburn, M., & Hackman, J. R. (1969) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1969.10883941 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hey Buddy, Can You Spare Seventeen Cents? Mindful Persuasion and the Pique Technique1
Santos, M. D., Leve, C. S., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1994) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00610.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Some Effects of the Need for Cognition on Course Grades
Leone, C. T., & Dalton, C. H. (1988) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1988.67.1.175 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Construct Validation of a Scale of Academic Curiosity
Vidler, D. C., & Rawan, H. R. (1974) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1974.35.1.263 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dimensions of Social Competence: Personality and Coping Style Correlates
Miller, M. L., Omens, R. S., & Delvadia, R. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90185-e · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Involvement and need for cognition as moderators of beliefs—attitude—intention consistency
Verplanken, B. (1989) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00853.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Foundations of Clinical and Counseling Psychology
Todd, J., & Bohart, A. C. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Introspectiveness and adolescent development
Hansell, S., Mechanic, D., & Brondolo, E. N. (1986) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf02141733 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Need For Cognition, Advertisement Viewing Time and Memory For Advertising Stimuli
Peltier, J. W., & Schibrowsky, J. A. (1994) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Zero-Variable Theories and the Psychology of the Explainer
Wicklund, R. A. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3344-2 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Further Validation of the Short Form of the Need for Cognition Scale
Tolentino, E., Curry, L., & Leak, G. K. (1990) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.1.321 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Need for cognition, attitudes, and the 1984 Presidential election
Ahlering, R. F. (1987) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(87)90029-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The interactive effects of message appeal and individual differences on information processing and persuasion
Venkatraman, M. P., Marlino, D., Kardes, F. R., & Sklar, K. B. (1990) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.4220070202 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Evidence of a Relationship Between Need For Cognition and Chronological Age: Implications For Persuasion in Consumer Research
Spotts, H. E. (1994) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Individual Differences In Experiment Participation: Structure, Autonomy, and the Time of the Semeste
Roman, R. J., Moskowitz, G. B., Stein, M. I., & Eisenberg, R. F. (1995) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00804.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The effects of good moods on systematic processing: ?Willing but not able, or able but not willing??
Smith, S. M., & Shaffer, D. R. (1991) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00995645 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Need for cognition as a moderator of the primacy effect
Ahlering, R. F., & Parker, L. D. (1989) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(89)90004-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Prior involvement and incentives to pay attention to information
Heslin, R., & Johnson, B. T. (1992) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.4220090304 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Correlates of Need for Cognition Total and Subscale Scores
Waters, L. K., & Zakrajsek, T. D. (1990) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164490501026 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The construction and validation of an objective formal reasoning instrument
Burney, G. M. (1974) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Association of Need for Cognition and Course Performance
Sadowski, C. J., & Gülgöz, S. (1992) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1992.74.2.498 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-generated attitude change: A person by situation analysis of attitude polarization and attenuation
Leone, C. T., & Ensley, E. (1986) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(86)90124-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Need for Cognition Related to Time Perception
Baugh, B. T., & Mason, S. E. (1986) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1986.62.2.540 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Student Goals Exploration: Reliability and Concurrent Validity
Stark, J. S., Bentley, R. J., Lowther, M. A., & Shaw, K. M. (1991) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164491512015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Need for cognition and the effects of repeated expression on attitude accessibility and extremity
Smith, S. M., Haugtvedt, C. P., & Petty, R. E. (1994) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Relationship Between Need For Cognition and Other Individual Difference Variables: a Two-Dimensional Framework
Crowley, A. E., & Hoyer, W. D. (1989) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Personal factors influencing informal reasoning of economic issues and the effect of specific instructions.
Furlong, P. R. (1993) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.85.1.171 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Trait distinctiveness and age specificity in self-referent information processing
Mueller, J. H., & Johnson, W. (1990) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03333980 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Selective Attention in Consumer Information Processing: the Role of Chronically Accessible Attributes
Ratneshwar, S., Mick, D. G., & Reitinger, G. (1990) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 14 · see citing works
REPRESSORS, SENSITIZERS, SOURCE EXPERTISE, AND PERSUASION
DeBono, K. G., & Snyder, A. (1992) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.1992.20.4.263 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Personal relevance of traits and things
Mueller, J. H., Haupt, S. G., & Grove, T. R. (1988) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334909 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The principles of multiple, nonadditive, and reciprocal determinism: Implications for social psychological research and levels of analysis.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (1992) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Modified Measure of Need for Cognition
Perri, M., & Wolfgang, A. P. (1988) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1988.62.3.955 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Receivers' Apprehension and Need for Cognition
Buhr, T. A., & Pryor, B. (1988) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1988.62.3.995 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Trait actualization and self-reference effects
Mueller, J. H., & Grove, T. R. (1991) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334754 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Something to hide? Consent-granting for release of standardized test scores
Dollinger, S. J., & McMorrow, M. A. (1992) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90068-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Associations between Daydreaming Style and Information Processing Predispositions
Tanaka, J. S., Panter, A. T., & Winborne, W. C. (1986) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/n068-n19g-959p-43uh · Cited by 7 · see citing works

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Sorted by citations

Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making
Frederick, S. (2005) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/089533005775196732 · Cited by 5,256 · see citing works
Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?
Stanovich, K., & West, R. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003435 · Cited by 2,987 · see citing works
“…for cognition – a dispositional variable reflecting the tendency toward thoughtful analysis and reflective thinking – has been associated with aspects of epistemic and practical rationality (Cacioppo et al. 1996; Kardash & Scholes 1996; Klaczynski et al. 1997; Smith & Levin 1996; Verplanken 1993).”
On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism
Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.864 · Cited by 4,069 · see citing works
Self-citation
Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692 · Cited by 2,598 · see citing works
The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000446 · Cited by 2,320 · see citing works
“University of Geneva, on 20 Oct 2017 at 14:48:49, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. in Cacioppo et al. (1996), Levine and Perlovsky (2008; 2010), Perlovsky (2009b; 2010c), and Perlovsky et al. (2010), and emotions related to creativity…”
ATTITUDES AND ATTITUDE CHANGE
Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., & Fabrigar, L. R. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.609 · Cited by 2,290 · see citing works
“Need for cognition In addition to the need for cognition effects mentioned earlier, research reinforced the view that people high in need for cognition engage in greater message processing than those low in need for cognition (for a thorough review, see Cacioppo et al 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
One Hundred Years of Social Psychology Quantitatively Described
Richard, F. D., Bond, C. F., & Stokes-Zoota, J. J. (2003) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.7.4.331 · Cited by 1,558 · see citing works
Public deliberation, discursive participation, and citizen engagement: A review of the empirical literature
Carpini, M. X. D., Cook, F., & Jacobs, L. (2004) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.121003.091630 · Cited by 1,450 · see citing works
The Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2013) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12024 · Cited by 1,340 · see citing works
Decision making and the avoidance of cognitive demand
Kool, W., McGuire, J. T., Rosen, Z. B., & Botvinick, M. M. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0020198 · Cited by 1,141 · see citing works
“The same basic perspective also appears in work on need for cognition (Cacioppo et al., 1996) and in work on social judgment, where information-processing effort has been understood as driven by a desire to arrive at correct attitudes (Petty & Wegener, 1999).”
Background
Conflict monitoring and decision making: Reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function
BOTVINICK, M. M. (2007) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.7.4.356 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Sdol, E. (2009) · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2011) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0104-1 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
“That is, it is not a questionnaire measure on which people indicate their preferences for engagement—for example, as the need-for-cognition scale does ( Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ).”
Background
Attitude Change: Persuasion and Social Influence
Wood, W. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.539 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
CURRENT RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Markovsky, B. (1996) · Cited by 994 · see citing works
The bright and dark sides of leader traits: A review and theoretical extension of the leader trait paradigm
Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Kosalka, T. (2009) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.09.004 · Cited by 990 · see citing works
“Those who demonstrate a high need for cognition enjoy solving challenging cognitive problems, prefer difficult puzzles, and are concerned why both how and why solutions to problems work (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Background
Motivation and cognitive control: from behavior to neural mechanism
Botvinick, M., & Braver, T. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015044 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
“…shows that the investment of cognitive effort can be driven by internal sources of motivation (e.g., need for cognition or achievement motivation; Cacioppo et al. 1996, Deci & Ryan 2000, Nicholls 1984, Satterthwaite et al. 2012), some research has suggested the existence of an undermining…”
Background
The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic: Why the Adjustments Are Insufficient
Epley, N., & Gilovich, T. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01704.x · Cited by 920 · see citing works
“Individuals who score highonthisscalearemoreinclinedtomulloverandreflectupon ideas than those who score low, and are more likely to excel at tasks that involve effortful thought ( Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ).”
Background
Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Dual-Process Theories of the Mind.
Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. W. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.553 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
“Cattell, R. B. (1943). The measurement of adult intelligence. Psychological Bulletin, 40, 153–193. Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion.”
BackgroundInfluential
Curiosity and exploration: facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities
Kashdan, T. B., Rose, P., & Fincham, F. D. (2004) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8203_05 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
“To extend prior work on curiosity and negative affect primarily focused on boredom and global anxiety (e.g., Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996; Peters, 1978), we expected exploration to be negatively related to social anxiety because interpersonal reinforcers are powerful contributors to well-being (Myers & D…”
Personality predicts academic performance: Evidence from two longitudinal university samples
Chamorro‐Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. F. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00578-0 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
“The results of this study support the hypothesis that personality is significantly related to academic performance (Blickle, 1996; Cacioppo et al., 1996; Chorro, 1981; De Raad & Schouwenburg, 1996; Goff & Ackerman, 1992; Hamilton & Freeman, 1971; Rindermann &Neubauer, 2001; Wolfe & Johnson, 1995).”
BackgroundResult
The Effort Paradox: Effort Is Both Costly and Valued
Inzlicht, M., Shenhav, A., & Olivola, C. Y. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.007 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
“Need for cognition [26,61,99,100] A personality trait that predicts a person’s tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activity (e.”
BackgroundInfluential
Assessing miserly information processing: An expansion of the Cognitive Reflection Test
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2014) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2013.844729 · Cited by 864 · see citing works
“This 18-item scale assesses the motive to engage in effortful cognitive activities (Cacioppo et al., 1996). Sample items include: “The notion of thinking abstractly is appealing to me”, and “I would prefer a task that is intellectual, difficult, and important to one that is somewhat important but does not require much…”
BackgroundInfluential
Who falls for fake news? The roles of bullshit receptivity, overclaiming, familiarity, and analytic thinking
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12476 · Cited by 879 · see citing works
A Personal Resource for Technology Interaction: Development and Validation of the Affinity for Technology Interaction (ATI) Scale
Franke, T., Attig, C., & Wessel, D. (2019) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2018.1456150 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
“NFC denotes that individuals differ regarding their tendency to engage in cognitive activities (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996).”
Background
Elite Influence on Public Opinion in an Informed Electorate
BULLOCK, J. G. (2011) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055411000165 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
“Still, people do vary in their general tendency to think systematically, and need for cognition captures this variation (Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The Strategic Use of Gain- and Loss-Framed Messages to Promote Healthy Behavior: How Theory Can Inform Practice
Rothman, A. J., Bartels, R. D., Wlaschin, J., & Salovey, P. (2006) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00290.x · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Individual differences in impulse buying tendency: feeling and no thinking
Verplanken, B., & Herabadi, A. G. (2001) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.423 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories
Swami, V., Voracek, M., Stieger, S., Tran, U. S., & Furnham, A. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.006 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
“Need for cognition was mea sured using the 18 item Need for Cognition Scale (NCogS; Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Intellectual ability, learning style, personality, achievement motivation and academic success of psychology students in higher education
Busato, V. V., Prins, F. J., Elshout, J. J., & Hamaker, C. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00253-6 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Reasoning independently of prior belief and individual differences in actively open-minded thinking.
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1997) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.2.342 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
“" However, aspects of the need for cognition (Cacioppo et al., 1996) and the need for closure (Kruglanski & Webster, 1996) constructs are also represented in our scale.”
Background
Social Network Analysis: Foundations and Frontiers on Advantage
Burt, R. S., Kilduff, M. J., & Tasselli, S. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143828 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Mental Exercise and Mental Aging: Evaluating the Validity of the “Use It or Lose It” Hypothesis
Salthouse, T. A. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00005.x · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Assessing posttraumatic cognitive processes: the Event Related Rumination Inventory
Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Triplett, K. N., Vishnevsky, T., & Lindstrom, C. M. (2011) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.529901 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
“In a review of research using the NCog and NCog-SF, the internal reliability was consistently above .85, and the validity of the measure as an indicator of cognitive effort was verified (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Method
Cognitive effort: A neuroeconomic approach
Westbrook, A., & Braver, T. S. (2015) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-015-0334-y · Cited by 631 · see citing works
“Trait disposition to engage with and enjoy cognitively demanding tasks, such as is measured by the Need for Cognition Scale, predicts higher academic achievement and standardized testing scores, along with higher performance on mathematic, problem solving, memory, and other cognitive tasks and judgments (Cacioppo et a…”
Background
Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology
Hibbing, J. R., Smith, K. B., & Alford, J. R. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001192 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Thought confidence as a determinant of persuasion: The self-validation hypothesis.
Petty, R. E., Briñol, P., & Tormala, Z. L. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.722 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Self-citation
WHEN AND HOW DIVERSITY BENEFITS TEAMS: THE IMPORTANCE OF TEAM MEMBERS' NEED FOR COGNITION
Kearney, E., Gebert, D., & Voelpel, S. C. (2009) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.41331431 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
“In diverse teams with a high need for cognition, the team members enjoy learning new ways to think about problems and relish the opportunity to probe different alternatives (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection.
Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.76.2.284 · Cited by 1,914 · see citing works
Epistemological Understanding as a Metacognitive Process: Thinking Aloud During Online Searching
Hofer, B. K. (2004) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3901_5 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.672 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Media effects: theory and research
Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Walther, J. B. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033608 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
“A high need for cognition has been shown to moderate message effects on cognitive processing (Cacioppo et al 1996, Shrum 2009).”
Background
The Hungry Mind
von Stumm, S., Hell, B., & Chamorro‐Premuzic, T. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611421204 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
“Furthermore, investment traits are uniformly positively associated with academic performance with medium effect sizes (Cacioppo et al., 1996; von Stumm, 2010), and also with intelligence but to a notably lesser extent (e.g., Cacioppo, Petty, & Morris, 1983; Furnham, Swami, Arteche, &…”
Background
Two studies examining the negative effect of self-efficacy on performance.
Vancouver, J. B., Thompson, C. M., Tischner, E. C., & Putka, D. J. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.506 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
The stigma of mental illness: Explanatory models and methods for change
Corrigan, P. W., Kerr, A. N., & Knudsen, L. (2005) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2005.07.001 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
A Motivated Action Theory Account of Goal Orientation.
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Distinguishing the reflective, algorithmic, and autonomous minds: Is it time for a tri-process theory?
Stanovich, K. E. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230167.003.0003 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
“…epistemic regulation such as actively open-minded thinking and dogmatism (Stanovich and West, 1997, 2007), assessments of response regulation such as the Matching Familiar Figures Test (Kagan et al., 1964), and assessments of cognitive regulation such as need for cognition (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Background
Consumer Inference: A Review of Processes, Bases, and Judgment Contexts
Kardes, F. R., Posavac, S. S., & Cronley, M. L. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1403_6 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Corporate Social Responsibility and Competitive Advantage: Overcoming the Trust Barrier
Du, S., Bhattacharya, C., & Sen, S. (2011) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1110.1403 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
“A more specific alternative account would suggest that the more favorable reactions of the participant versus the aware consumers are driven by the former’s lower need for cognition and lower skepticism, both of which have been linked to lower socioeconomic status (Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
Background
Implicit learning as an ability
Kaufman, S. B., DeYoung, C. G., Gray, J. R., Jiménez, L., Brown, J., & Mackintosh, N. J. (2010) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.05.011 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Persuasion by a Single Route: A View From the Unimodel
Kruglanski, A. W., & Thompson, E. P. (1999) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pl100201 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
The link between high-impact practices and student learning: some longitudinal evidence
Kilgo, C. A., Sheets, J. K. E., & Pascarella, E. T. (2014) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-014-9788-z · Cited by 502 · see citing works
“Active and collaborative learning, as it is named, innately contains active and collaborative features aligned with the vetted good practices first proposed by Chickering and Gamson (1987). Undergraduate research, similarly, contains characteristics of good practices, such as student-faculty interaction outside of cla…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
PERSONALITY AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING
Boekaerts, M. (1996) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(199612)10:5 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The five-dimensional curiosity scale: Capturing the bandwidth of curiosity and identifying four unique subgroups of curious people
Kashdan, T. B., Stiksma, M. C., Disabato, D. J., McKnight, P. E., Bekier, J., Kaji, J., & Lazarus, R. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.11.011 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
“This ﬁts with a series of measures that designate individual differences in the need for cognition and epistemic curiosity (e.g., Cacioppo et al., 1996; Litman & Jimerson, 2004; Litman & Spielberger, 2003).”
Social Axioms: A Model for Social Beliefs in Multicultural Perspective
Leung, K. Y., & Bond, M. H. (2004) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(04)36003-x · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Numeracy, Ratio Bias, and Denominator Neglect in Judgments of Risk and Probability
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Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals.
Moskowitz, G. B., Gollwitzer, P. M., Wasel, W., & Schaal, B. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.167 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
“The scales were, in order, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI; Glick & Fiske, 1996), the Modern Sexism Scale (MSS; Swim and Cohen, 1997), the Personal Need for Structure Scale (PNS; M. M. Thompson, Naccarato, & Parker, in press), the Need for Cognition Scale (NFC; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ), the pe…”
Background
A metacognitive view of individual differences in self-regulated learning
Winne, P. H. (1996) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s1041-6080(96)90022-9 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
What makes us think? A three-stage dual-process model of analytic engagement
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Who Toes the Party Line? Cues, Values, and Individual Differences
Kam, C. D. (2005) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-005-1764-y · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Intentions and beliefs in students' understanding and acceptance of biological evolution
Sinatra, G. M., Southerland, S. A., McConaughy, F., & Demastes, J. W. (2003) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.10087 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
“, 1999; Stanovich & West, 1997), Dogmatism (Troldahl & Powell, 1965), Categorical Thinking (Epstein & Meier, 1989), Absolutism (Erwin, 1983), Values (Costa & McCrae, 1992), and Need for Cognition (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
The Need for Affect: Individual Differences in the Motivation to Approach or Avoid Emotions
Maio, G. R., & Esses, V. M. (2001) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.694156 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Motivational individual reaction norms underlying the Five-Factor model of personality: First steps towards a theory-based conceptual framework
Denissen, J. J. A., & Penke, L. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.04.002 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
The need to evaluate.
Jarvis, W. B. G., & Petty, R. E. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.172 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Self-citation
Heuristics and biases as measures of critical thinking: Associations with cognitive ability and thinking dispositions.
West, R. F., Toplak, M. E., & Stanovich, K. E. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012842 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
“The split-half reliability (Spearman–Brown corrected) of the Need for Cognition Scale was .81, and Cronbach’s alpha was .88.”
Influential
THE DELIBERATIVE CITIZEN: THEORY AND EVIDENCE
Mendelberg, T. (2009) · Cited by 423 · see citing works
A Multidimensional Structure for Repetitive Thought: What's on Your Mind, and How, and How Much?
Segerstrom, S. C., Stanton, A. L., Alden, L. E., & Shortridge, B. E. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.909 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Affective science and health: The importance of emotion and emotion regulation.
DeSteno, D. A., Gross, J. J., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030259 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Reconsidering the Effects of Education on Political Participation
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“Individuals who are predisposed to enjoy cognitive activity are likely to pursue higher education and to display interest in political matters (Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
Background
Beyond valence in the perception of likelihood: The role of emotion specificity.
DeSteno, D. A., Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T., & Rucker, D. D. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.3.397 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Self-citation
Are “implicit” attitudes unconscious?
Gawronski, B., Hofmann, W., & Wilbur, C. J. (2006) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.11.007 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Mechanisms of motivation–cognition interaction: challenges and opportunities
Braver, T. S., Krug, M. K., Chiew, K. S., Kool, W., Westbrook, J. A., Clement, N. J., Adcock, R. A., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M., Carver, C. S., et al. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0300-0 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition
(2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610515 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Addressing Challenges to Public Understanding of Science: Epistemic Cognition, Motivated Reasoning, and Conceptual Change
Sinatra, G. M., Kienhues, D., & Hofer, B. K. (2014) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2014.916216 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Assessing Three Sources of Misresponse to Reversed Likert Items
Swain, S. D., Weathers, D., & Niedrich, R. W. (2008) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.45.1.116 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
“It is possible that true negations are sufficiently difficult to obscure the effects of individual differences in need for cognition (Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
Background
The Systematic Influence of Gain-and Loss-Framed Messages on Interest in and Use of Different Types of Health Behavior
Rothman, A. J., Martino, S. C., Bedell, B. T., Detweiler, J. B., & Salovey, P. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299259003 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Knowing when to doubt: Developing a critical stance when learning from others.
Mills, C. M. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029500 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
“For instance, there is evidence that adults who demonstrate high need for cognition are better at coping with persuasive testimony (e.g., Cacioppo et al., 1996) and are better at attending to both verbal and nonverbal cues (as opposed to only nonverbal) when attempting to detect lies (Reinhard,…”
Considering Rational Self-Interest as a Disposition: Organizational Implications of Other Orientation.
Meglino, B. M., & Korsgaard, M. A. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.946 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
“More recently, researchers have found that individual differences in cognitive preferences and capacities (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Kruglanski, 1989; Stanovich, 1999; Stanovich & West, 2000) can affect individuals’ motivation to respond in a rational way.”
Background
How do People Know?
Kuhn, D. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00302 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
“Intellectual values, as conceived in our own recent research on them (Kuhn, Clark, & Huang, 2000), reflect one’s conviction that intellectual investment is worthwhile, and thus differ from related constructs such as the degree to which one enjoys intellectual activities (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Background
The Very Efficient Assessment of Need for Cognition: Developing a Six-Item Version
Lins de Holanda Coelho, G., H. P. Hanel, P., & J. Wolf, L. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191118793208 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
“90 (Cacioppo et al., 1996), and was found to be invariant across age groups (Soubelet & Salthouse, 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Cognitive sophistication does not attenuate the bias blind spot.
West, R. F., Meserve, R. J., & Stanovich, K. E. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028857 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Natural myside bias is independent of cognitive ability
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2007) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546780600780796 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
“The 18-item need for cognition scale published by Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, and Jarvis ( 1996 ) was employed in this study.”
Method
Discrete Emotions and Persuasion: The Role of Emotion-Induced Expectancies.
DeSteno, D. A., Petty, R. E., Rucker, D. D., Wegener, D. T., & Braverman, J. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.43 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
“Therefore, given the known plasticity in processing levels among low-NC individuals in response to situational influences (Cacioppo et al., 1996), one might expect that low-NC angry participants would devote less effort to consideration of the tax appeal than would low-NC sad participants.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
On Assessing Individual Differences in Rumination on Sadness
Conway, M., Csank, P. A. R., Holm, S. L., & Blake, C. K. (2000) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7503_04 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
“Although need for cognition has been defined as a “tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive endeavors” (Cacioppo et al., 1996, p. 197), an examination of the scale items indicates that this effortful activity is focused on goal-directed thinking.”
Background
From madness to genius: The Openness/Intellect trait domain as a paradoxical simplex
DeYoung, C. G., Grazioplene, R. G., & Peterson, J. B. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.003 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Need for Cognition as an Antecedent of Individual Innovation Behavior
Wu, C., Parker, S. K., & de Jong, J. P. J. (2011) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206311429862 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“Education has been found to be related with need for cognition (see Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluential
Matching Versus Mismatching Attitude Functions: Implications for Scrutiny of Persuasive Messages
Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298243001 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Self-citation
College Diversity Experiences and Cognitive Development: A Meta-Analysis
Bowman, N. A. (2010) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654309352495 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Same or Different? Clarifying the Relationship of Need for Cognition to Personality and Intelligence
Fleischhauer, M., Enge, S., Brocke, B., Ullrich, J., Strobel, A., & Strobel, A. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209351886 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“So far, several studies have examined the relationship of NFC to other personality traits (for an overview, see Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluential
A PLS Model to Study Brand Preference: An Application to the Mobile Phone Market
Duarte, P., & Raposo, M. L. B. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8_21 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
The sleeper effect in persuasion: a meta-analytic review.
Kumkale, G. T., & Albarracín, D. (2004) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.143 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Investment and intellect: A review and meta-analysis.
von Stumm, S., & Ackerman, P. L. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0030746 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales: Normative Data and Implications
Davis, K. L., Panksepp, J., & Normansell, L. (2003) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2003.10773410 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Examining the Relationship Between Conspiracy Theories, Paranormal Beliefs, and Pseudoscience Acceptance Among a University Population
Lobato, E. J. C., Mendoza, J., Sims, V., & Chin, M. G. (2014) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3042 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“An 18-item scale that measured participants’ engagement and enjoyment of cognitive activities was used (α = .91; Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Method
Decision-making and cognitive abilities: A review of associations between Iowa Gambling Task performance, executive functions, and intelligence
Toplak, M. E., Sorge, G. B., Benoit, A., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.002 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
“…a lot), consideration of future consequences, need for closure, superstitious thinking, and dogmatism (see Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Baron, 2008; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996; Kruglanski & Webster, 1996; Perkins, 1995; Stanovich, 1999, 2009a; Sternberg, 2003; Sternberg &…”
Individual differences in fundamental social motives.
Neel, R., Kenrick, D. T., White, A. E., & Neuberg, S. L. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000068 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
The energetics of motivated cognition: A force-field analysis.
Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., Chen, X., Köpetz, C., Pierro, A., & Mannetti, L. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0025488 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
The importance of mathematics in health and human judgment: Numeracy, risk communication, and medical decision making
Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (2007) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.03.010 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Personalizing persuasive technologies: Explicit and implicit personalization using persuasion profiles
Kaptein, M. C., Markopoulos, P., de Ruyter, B., & Aarts, E. (2015) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.01.004 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
“More generally, for many choice settings in which personal relevance is neither very low nor very high, elaborative processing of stimuli varies with NfC, such that NfC measures an individual propensity to scrutinize and elaborate on arguments via the central route (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Background
Moderating Effects of Need for Cognition on Responses to Positively versus Negatively Framed Advertising Messages
Yong, Z., & Buda, R. (1999) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.1999.10673580 · Cited by 310 · see citing works

Authors: Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Cacioppo, John T.
Petty, Richard E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996-03
Volume: 119
Issue: 2
Pages: 197-253
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197
OpenAlex: W2023292494
Semantic Scholar: d13228e21efe9e9e7dac888d5b41e0d705f924df
Cited by: 2,517
References: 205
Citations by year: 2026: 78 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 125 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 115 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 115 · 2012: 129
FWCI: 30.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: need for cognition, cognitive motivation, individual differences, personality traits, cognitive effort

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Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

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