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Cited by 25Knee injuries and reconstruction techniquesLower Extremity Biomechanics and PathologiesSports Dynamics and Biomechanics

Modelling the joint torques and loadings during squatting at the Smith machine

Biscarini, Andrea, Benvenuti, Paolo, Botti, Fabio, Mastrandrea, Francesco, Zanuso, Silvano·2011·Journal of Sports Sciences
DOI 10.1080/02640414.2010.534859
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Abstract

An analytical biomechanical model was developed to establish the relevant properties of the Smith squat exercise, and the main differences from the free barbell squat. The Smith squat may be largely patterned to modulate the distributions of muscle activities and joint loadings. For a given value of the included knee angle (θ(knee)), bending the trunk forward, moving the feet forward in front of the knees, and displacing the weight distribution towards the forefoot emphasizes hip and lumbosacral torques, while also reducing knee torque and compressive tibiofemoral and patellofemoral forces (and vice versa). The tibiofemoral shear force φ(t) displays more complex trends that strongly depend on θ(knee). Notably, for 180° ≥ θ(knee) ≥ 130°, φ(t) and cruciate ligament strain forces can be suppressed by selecting proper pairs of ankle and hip angles. Loading of the posterior cruciate ligament increases (decreases) in the range 180° ≥ θ(knee) ≥ 150° (θ(knee) ≤ 130°) with knee extension, bending the trunk forward, and moving the feet forward in front of the knees. In the range 150° > θ(knee) > 130°, the behaviour changes depending on the foot weight distribution. The conditions for the development of anterior cruciate ligament strain forces are explained. This work enables careful use of the Smith squat in strengthening and rehabilitation programmes.

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Authors
Biscarini, A., Benvenuti, P., Botti, F., Mastrandrea, F., & Zanuso, S.
Affiliations
  • University of Perugia (IT)
  • University of Padua (IT)
Corresponding author
Biscarini, Andrea
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Sports Sciences
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2011-03
Volume
29
Issue
5
Pages
457-469
ISSN
  • 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
  • 1466-447X
DOI
10.1080/02640414.2010.534859
OpenAlex
W2107237461
Cited by
25
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
FWCI
1.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics
Keywords
joint torque, knee joint angle, hip torque, trunk flexion, rehabilitation exercises
MeSH terms
Humans, Knee, Knee Joint, Models, Biological, Posture, Stress, Mechanical, Weight Lifting, Exercise, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament, Weight-Bearing, Torque, Sports Equipment, Lower Extremity

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