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Cited by 608Knee injuries and reconstruction techniquesLower Extremity Biomechanics and PathologiesMuscle activation and electromyography studies

Biomechanics of the knee during closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises

ESCAMILLA, RAFAEL F., FLEISIG, GLENN S., ZHENG, NIGEL, BARRENTINE, STEVEN W., WILK, KEVIN E., ANDREWS, JAMES R.·1998·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
DOI 10.1097/00005768-199804000-00014
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Abstract

PURPOSE: Although closed (CKCE) and open (OKCE) kinetic chain exercises are used in athletic training and clinical environments, few studies have compared knee joint biomechanics while these exercises are performed dynamically. The purpose of this study was to quantify knee forces and muscle activity in CKCE (squat and leg press) and OKCE (knee extension). METHODS: Ten male subjects performed three repetitions of each exercise at their 12-repetition maximum. Kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data were calculated using video cameras (60 Hz), force transducers (960 Hz), and EMG (960 Hz). Mathematical muscle modeling and optimization techniques were employed to estimate internal muscle forces. RESULTS: Overall, the squat generated approximately twice as much hamstring activity as the leg press and knee extensions. Quadriceps muscle activity was greatest in CKCE when the knee was near full flexion and in OKCE when the knee was near full extension. OKCE produced more rectus femoris activity while CKCE produced more vasti muscle activity. Tibiofemoral compressive force was greatest in CKCE near full flexion and in OKCE near full extension. Peak tension in the posterior cruciate ligament was approximately twice as great in CKCE, and increased with knee flexion. Tension in the anterior cruciate ligament was present only in OKCE, and occurred near full extension. Patellofemoral compressive force was greatest in CKCE near full flexion and in the mid-range of the knee extending phase in OKCE. CONCLUSION: An understanding of these results can help in choosing appropriate exercises for rehabilitation and training.

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  • To the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous study has considered how angular and linear kinematics of the back squat vary at different load intensities.

    “However, these studies have evaluated the biomechanics of different types of squats but, to the best of our knowledge, none of these have considered how these can vary at different load intensities.”

    From Kinematic analysis of the back squat at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters (2024) · cites this paper as [26]

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Authors
ESCAMILLA, R. F., FLEISIG, G. S., ZHENG, N., BARRENTINE, S. W., WILK, K. E., & ANDREWS, J. R.
Affiliations
American Sports Medicine Institute (US)
ORCID
Venue
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
1998-04
Volume
30
Issue
4
Pages
556-569
ISSN
0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/00005768-199804000-00014
OpenAlex
W2094116615
Cited by
608
References
59
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 38
FWCI
9.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
Keywords
knee biomechanics, closed kinetic chain exercises, open kinetic chain exercises, squatting, leg press, knee extension, muscle activity, quadriceps, hamstrings, rectus femoris, Vastu, muscle force estimation
MeSH terms
Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena, Exercise Therapy, Humans, Kinetics, Knee Joint, Male, Movement, Weight Lifting, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal

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