Kinematic and EMG activities during front and back squat variations in maximum loads

Yavuz, Hasan Ulas; Erdağ, Deniz; Amca, Arif Mithat; Aritan, Serdar

doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.984240

Cited by 115Muscle activation and electromyography studiesLower Extremity Biomechanics and PathologiesSports Performance and Training

Kinematic and EMG activities during front and back squat variations in maximum loads

Yavuz, Hasan Ulas, Erdağ, Deniz, Amca, Arif Mithat, Aritan, Serdar·2015·Journal of Sports Sciences

DOI 10.1080/02640414.2014.984240

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the musculature activity and kinematics of knee and hip joints during front and back squat with maximal loading. Two-dimensional kinematical data were collected and electromyographic activities of vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus and erector spinae were measured while participants (n = 12, 21.2 ± 1.9 years old) were completing front and back squat exercises with maximum loading. Paired sample t-test was used for comparisons between two techniques. Results showed that the electromyographic activity of vastus medialis was found to be greater in the front squat compared to the back squat during the ascending phase (P < 0.05, d = 0.62; 95% CI, -15.0/-4.17) and the whole manoeuvre (P < 0.05, d = 0.41; 95% CI, -12.8/-0.43), while semitendinosus (P < 0.05, d = -0.79; 95% CI, 0.62/20.59) electromyographic activity was greater in the back squat during the ascending phase. Compared to the front squat version, back squat exhibited significantly greater trunk lean, with no differences occurring in the knee joint kinematics throughout the movement. Results may suggest that the front squat may be preferred to the back squat for knee extensor development and for preventing possible lumbar injuries during maximum loading.

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Gluteus maximus controls hip adduction and internal rotation, motions known to contribute to patellofemoral joint stress and PFP.
“During the acute phase, gluteus maximus activation should be emphasized as this muscle controls hip adduction and internal rotation, motions known to contribute to patellofemoral joint stress and PFP.43,44”
From A Biomechanical Review of the Squat Exercise: Implications for Clinical Practice. (2024) · cites this paper as [44]

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Authors: Yavuz, H. U., Erdağ, D., Amca, A. M., & Aritan, S.
Affiliations: Near East University (CY)
Hacettepe University (TR)
ORCID: Erdağ, Deniz
Amca, Arif Mithat
Venue: Journal of Sports Sciences
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2015-01-29
Volume: 33
Issue: 10
Pages: 1058-1066
ISSN: 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
1466-447X
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.984240
OpenAlex: W2041110812
Cited by: 115
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3
FWCI: 3.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords: front squat, back squat, squat variations, muscle activation, knee kinematics, hip kinematics, vastus medialis, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus, erector spinae, trunk lean, knee extensors, maximum load
MeSH terms: Biomechanical Phenomena, Electromyography, Hip Joint, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Knee Joint, Male, Weight Lifting, Weight-Bearing, Muscle, Skeletal, Resistance Training, Young Adult

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Kinematic and EMG activities during front and back squat variations in maximum loads

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