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Cited by 49Lower Extremity Biomechanics and PathologiesSports Performance and TrainingSports Dynamics and Biomechanics

The effect of weightlifting shoes on the kinetics and kinematics of the back squat

Legg, Hayley S., Glaister, Mark, Cleather, Daniel J., Goodwin, Jon E.·2017·Journal of Sports Sciences
DOI 10.1080/02640414.2016.1175652
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Abstract

Weightlifting shoes (WS) are often used by athletes to facilitate their squat technique; however, the nature of these benefits is not well understood. In this study, the effects of footwear and load on the mechanics of squatting were assessed for 32 participants (age: 25.4 ± 4.4 years; mass 72.87 ± 11.35 kg) grouped by sex and experience. Participants completed loaded and unloaded back squats wearing both WS and athletic shoes (AS). Data were collected utilising a 3D motion capture system synchronised with a force platform and used to calculate kinematic and kinetic descriptors of squatting. For both load conditions, WS gave significantly (P < 0.05) reduced ankle flexion and increased knee flexion than AS, as well as a more upright trunk and greater knee moment for the unloaded condition. In addition, the experienced group experienced a significantly greater increase in knee and hip flexion with WS than the novices when unloaded. These results are consistent with the idea that WS permit a more knee flexed, upright posture during squatting, and provide preliminary evidence that experienced squatters are more able to exploit this effect. Decisions about footwear should recognise the effect of footwear on movement and reflect an athlete's movement capabilities and training objectives.

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  • Squatting with a forward trunk has an impact on the lumbar spine flexion moment; generally, the greater the forward trunk inclination, the greater the muscular demand on the back extensors to stabilize the trunk.

    “Apart from its influence on the hip and knee flexion moments, squatting with a forward trunk has an impact on the lumbar spine flexion moment. Generally speaking, the greater the forward trunk inclination, the greater the muscular demand on the back extensors to stabilize the trunk.12”

    From A Biomechanical Review of the Squat Exercise: Implications for Clinical Practice. (2024) · cites this paper as [12]

    The Introduction (p. 3) suggests that a more upright trunk may reduce spinal loading, and the Discussion (p. 18) says reduced trunk lean shifts the line of force away from the hips and trunk. These passages support the general relationship between trunk inclination and loading, but do not specify a lumbar spine flexion moment or establish increased back-extensor muscular demand. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Chandler, T. J., &amp; Stone, M. (1991). H. The squat exercise in athletic conditioning: A position statement and review of the literature. National Strength and Conditioning Association Journal , 13 , 51-58.
  2. Charniga, A. C. (2006). Why Weightlifting Shoes? Livonia: Sportivny Press.
  3. Dunn, B., Klein, K., Kroll, B., McLaughlin, T., O'Shea, P., &amp; Wathen, D. (1984). Coaches roundtable: The squat and its application to athletic performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 6 , 10-19.
  4. Fairchild, D., Hill, B., Ritchie, M., &amp; Socher, D. (1993). Common technique errors in the back squat. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 15 , 20-27.
  5. Fry, A. C., Housh, T. J., Hughes, R. A., &amp; Eyford, T. (1988). Stature amd flexibility variables as discriminators of foot contact during the squat exercise. Journal of Applied Sports Science Research, 2, 24-26.
  6. Fry, A. C., Kraemer, W. J., Bibi, K. W., &amp; Eyford, T. (1991). Stature variables as discriminators of foot contact during the squat exercise in untrained females. Journal of Applied Sports Science Research, 5 , 77-81.
  7. Stiggins, C., &amp; Allsen, P. (1982). Exercise methods notebook 2: Squats. NSCA Journal, 4, 61.
  8. Zwerver, J., Bredeweg, S. W., &amp; Hof, A. L. (2007). Biomechanical analysis of a singleleg decline squat. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41 , 264-268.

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Authors
Legg, H. S., Glaister, M., Cleather, D. J., & Goodwin, J. E.
Affiliations
St Mary's University Twickenham London (GB)
Corresponding author
Legg, Hayley S.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Sports Sciences
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2016-04-20
Volume
35
Issue
5
Pages
508-515
ISSN
  • 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
  • 1466-447X
DOI
10.1080/02640414.2016.1175652
OpenAlex
W2339293331
Cited by
49
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4
FWCI
1.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • St Mary's University Repository (ULCC) (acceptedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics
Keywords
back squat, squat kinematics, athletic shoes, knee flexion, ankle flexion, trunk posture, knee moment, hip flexion
MeSH terms
Adult, Ankle, Biomechanical Phenomena, Equipment Design, Female, Hip, Humans, Knee, Male, Motor Skills, Movement, Posture, Shoes, Time and Motion Studies, Weight Lifting, Torso

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