Regulation of Environmental Marketing Claims: A Comparative Perspective
Abstract
As a result of media coverage and other events, public awareness and concern about the environment, particidarly in highly industrialized countries, has grown. Given the desire of many consumers for environmentally sound products, many companies have begun to focus on the positive environmental attributes of their products in their marketing communications. This article examines a number of issues (e.g. consumer understanding of environmental claims and the regulation of such claims in the United States and Australia) surrounding the use of environmental marketing claims. Suggestions are then made for improving environmental marketing so as to yield real benefits for consumers and society.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Audience distrust can arise from a lack of clarity in green advertising.
“It has been suggested that audience distrust can arise from a lack of clarity in green advertising (Kangun and Polonsky, 1995; Kilbourne, 1995).”
From How Claim Specificity Can Improve Claim Credibility in Green Advertising (2018) · cites this paper as Kangun and Polonsky, 1995
Cites
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
University of Michigan (2020) · University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform · doi:10.36646/mjlr · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Granzin, K. L., & Olsen, J. E. (1991) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1177/074391569101000201 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Coe, B. J. (1976) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.1976.10672665 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Environmental Advertising Claims: A Preliminary Investigation
Kangun, N., Carlson, L., & Grove, S. J. (1991) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1177/074391569101000203 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentifying Misleading Advertising
Russo, J. E., Metcalf, B. L., & STEPHENS, D. L. (1981) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/208848 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Ethics and environmental marketing
Davis, J. J. (1992) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/bf00872314 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
A Blueprint for Green Marketing
Davis, J. J. (1991) · Journal of Business Strategy · doi:10.1108/eb039424 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
A “New and Improved” View of Puffery
Richards, J. I. (1990) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1177/074391569000900106 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Defining "Green": Toward Regulation of Environmental Marketing Claims
Wynne, R. (2025) · University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform · doi:10.36646/mjlr.24.3.4.defining · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Watman, J. (1992) · FLASH - Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship & History (Fordham University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Do consumers really care about corporate responsibility? Highlighting the attitude—behaviour gap
Boulstridge, E., & Carrigan, M. (2000) · Journal of Communication Management · doi:10.1108/eb023532 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Research into environmental marketing/management: a bibliographic analysis
Leonidou, C. N., & Leonidou, L. C. (2011) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090561111095603 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Taufique, K. M. R., Vocino, A., & Polonsky, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Strategic Marketing · doi:10.1080/0965254x.2016.1240219 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of consumer confusion proneness on word of mouth, trust, and customer satisfaction
Walsh, G., & Mitchell, V. (2010) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090561011032739 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Facing the backlash: green marketing and strategic reorientation in the 1990s
Crane, A. (2000) · Journal of Strategic Marketing · doi:10.1080/09652540050110011 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Crane, A. (2001) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1023/a:1010793013027 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Hartmann, P., & Apaolaza, V. (2009) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2501/s0265048709200837 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Consumer confusion proneness: scale development, validation, and application
Walsh, G., Hennig‐Thurau, T., & Mitchell, V. (2007) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1362/026725707x230009 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Using strategic alliances to develop credible green marketing
Mendleson, N., & Polonsky, M. J. (1995) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/07363769510084867 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental Labeling and Incomplete Consumer Information in Laboratory Markets
Cason, T. N., & Gangadharan, L. (2002) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1006/jeem.2000.1170 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
A stakeholder approach to corporate social responsibility, reputation and business performance
Taghian, M., D’Souza, C., & Polonsky, M. J. (2015) · Social Responsibility Journal · doi:10.1108/srj-06-2012-0068 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards a Conceptual Model of Consumer Confusion
Mitchell, V., Walsh, G., & Yamin, M. (2005) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 195 · see citing works
THE EFFECT OF CONSUMER CONFUSION PRONENESS ON WORD OF MOUTH, TRUST, AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
Rosadi, M. S. R. N. D., & Tjiptono, F. (2013) · KINERJA · doi:10.24002/kinerja.v17i1.372 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Environmental threat appeals in green advertising
Hartmann, P., Apaolaza, V., D’Souza, C., Barrutia, J. M., & Echebarria, C. (2014) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2501/ija-33-4-741-765 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Kim, H., Lee, E., & Hur, W. (2012) · Clothing and Textiles Research Journal · doi:10.1177/0887302x12440875 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Marketing and the Natural Environment: What Role for Morality?
Crane, A. (2000) · Journal of Macromarketing · doi:10.1177/0276146700202004 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
International environmental marketing claims
Polonsky, M. J., Carlson, L., Grove, S. J., & Kangun, N. (1997) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/02651339710173426 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationAn International Comparison of Environmental Advertising: Substantive versus Associative Claims
Carlson, L., Grove, S. J., Kangun, N., & Polonsky, M. J. (1996) · Journal of Macromarketing · doi:10.1177/027614679601600205 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationFernandes, J., Segev, S., & Leopold, J. (2020) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2020.1765656 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Communicating Environmental Information: Are Marketing Claims on Packaging Misleading?
Polonsky, M. J., Bailey, J., Baker, H., Basche, C., Jepson, C., & Neath, L. (1998) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1023/a:1005731914135 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationStakeholder management and the stakeholder matrix: Potential strategic marketing tools
Polonsky, M. J. (1996) · Journal of Market-Focused Management · doi:10.1007/bf00190039 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationCorporate Commitment to Quality of Life: Evidence from Company Mission Statements
Amato, C. H., & Amato, L. H. (2002) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/10696679.2002.11501927 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Exploratory Results on the Antecedents and Consequences of Green Marketing
Langerak, F., Peelen, E., & van der Veen, M. (1998) · Market Research Society Journal · doi:10.1177/147078539804000404 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
How Claim Specificity Can Improve Claim Credibility in Green Advertising
Ganz, B., & Grimes, A. (2018) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2501/jar-2018-001 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Attributes of Environmentally Friendly Consumer Behavior
Roozen, I. T. M., & Pelsmacker, P. D. (1998) · Journal of International Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1300/j046v10n03_03 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Perspectives: Advertising and climate change – Part of the problem or part of the solution?
Hartmann, P., Marcos, A., Castro, J., & Apaolaza, V. (2023) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2022.2140963 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Western consumers' understanding of carbon offsets and its relationship to behavior
Polonsky, M. J., Garma, R., & Grau, S. L. (2011) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/13555851111183048 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationMusgrove, C. (. F., Choi, P., & Chris Cox, K. (2018) · Services Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15332969.2018.1514794 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Polish and Belgian consumers' perception of environmentally friendly behaviour
Roozen, I. T. M., & Pelsmacker, P. D. (2000) · Journal Of Consumer Studies and Home Economics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2737.2000.00114.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
ENVIRONMENTAL MARKETING: A MODEL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Bui, M., & Orleans, N. (2015) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Incorporating the Natural Environment in Corporate Strategy: A Stakeholder Approach
Polonsky, M. J. (1970) · Journal of Business Strategies · doi:10.54155/jbs.12.2.151-168 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationEnviro-Bragging: When Influencers Should Not Be Humble about a Brand’s Sustainability
Pittman, M., & Milfeld, T. (2023) · Journal of Interactive Advertising · doi:10.1080/15252019.2023.2232781 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Taghian, M., Polonsky, M. J., & D’Souza, C. (2015) · John Wiley & Sons, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118744406.ch9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationDo Biodegradable Labels Lead to an Eco-safety Halo Effect?
Amos, C., Allred, A. T., & Zhang, L. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Policy · doi:10.1007/s10603-017-9355-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
How Meaningless and Substantive Green Claims Jointly Determine Product Environmental Perceptions
Polonsky, M. J., Rotman, J., Weber, V., & Kumar, P. (2025) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2024.2377503 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationKadirov, D., & Varey, R. J. (2012) · Consumption Markets & Culture · doi:10.1080/10253866.2012.668367 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Polonsky, M. J., Carlson, L., Prothero, A., & Kapelianis, D. (2004) · Advances in international marketing · doi:10.1016/s1474-7979(02)12025-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationConsumer Awareness and Perception towards Green Products: A Study of Youngsters in India
Kumar, S., Garg, R., & Makkar, A. (2012) · International Journal of Marketing and Business Communication · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Consumer Readings of Green Appeals in Advertisements
Oyedele, A., & DeJong, P. (2013) · Journal of Promotion Management · doi:10.1080/10496491.2013.817222 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Environmental Management and Decision Making for Business
Staib, R. (2005) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230524460 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Predicting green advertising attitude and behavioral intention in South Korea
Kim, Y. J., & Yoon, H. J. (2017) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.5675 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hartmann, P., Apaolaza, V., D’Souza, C., Barrutia, J. M., & Echebarria, C. (2016) · CSR, sustainability, ethics & governance · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44700-1_21 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Consumer attitude to food packaging and the market for environmentally compatible products
Arvanitoyannis, I. S., & Kassaveti, A. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9781845694784.2.161 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pirsch, J., Grau, S. L., & Polonsky, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Social Marketing · doi:10.1108/20426761311297234 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of consumer confusion proneness on word of mouth, trust, and customer satisfaction
Walsh, G., & Mitchell, V. (2010) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/30905661080001357 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Employment of Ecology Themes in Magazine Advertisements Directed to Children
Peterson, R. T. (2005) · Journal of Promotion Management · doi:10.1300/j057v11n02_13 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Caraceni, F., Abbate, E., Brondi, C., Colonna, M., Dotelli, G., & Ballarino, A. (2024) · Resources Environment and Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.resenv.2024.100154 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
El marketing medio ambiental en las organizaciones
Camino, J. E. R., & Ayala, V. M. (2006) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Course of Green Marketing in Organizations: Concept, Opportunities and Limitations
Xavier, R. N., & Chiconatto, P. (2014) · Revista Capital Científico · doi:10.5935/2177-4153.20140008 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Polonsky, M. J. (2015) · Wiley Encyclopedia of Management · doi:10.1002/9781118785317.weom090120 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationProfiling Y Generation GSM Users in Turkey According to Consumer Confusion, Perceived Risk and WOM
Çobanoğlu, E. (2014) · Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n21p169 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Musgrove, C. F., Choi, P., & Cox, K. C. (2016) · Developments in marketing science: proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26647-3_206 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Green Marketing – An Over View
P.Gurusamy, P. G. D., J.Princy, J. P., & Senthilnathan, D. S. D. (2011) · Indian Journal Of Applied Research · doi:10.15373/2249555x/feb2013/54 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Green Revolution In Marketing – Is It Worth?
Kulshrestha, S. S. (2011) · Indian Journal Of Applied Research · doi:10.15373/2249555x/july2013/132 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Are carbon offsets potentially the new "greenwash?"
Polonsky, M. J., & Garma, R. (2008) · Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationA conceptual model for driving green purchase among indian consumers
Trivedi, P. (2015) · Journal of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour in Emerging Markets · doi:10.7172/2449-6634.jmcbem.2015.2.4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Green” food processing technologies: factors affecting consumers’ acceptance
Gauthier, E. (2011) · Food engineering series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1587-9_23 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Étiquettes environnementales et consommation durable : des relations ambiguës en construction
Binninger, A.-S., Robert, I., & Ourahmoune, N. (2014) · Revue de l’organisation responsable · doi:10.54695/ror.091.0005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mera, A. C., González, F. J. M., & Rubio, S. (2005) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Khan, S., Khan, M. S. A., & Ravinath, D. (2014) · Middle East Journal of Business · doi:10.5742/mejb.2014.92506 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kadirov, D., & Varey, R. J. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12786680 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ecoism: Awareness among Customers and its Impact on Buying
Roy, S., Jain, V., & Assistant Professor, I. (2010) · i-manager’s Journal on Management · doi:10.26634/jmgt.5.1.1230 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Consumer Perception Regarding Eco-Friendly Fast Moving Consumer Goods in India
Sachdev, S., Mahna, V., Academics, D., & Rachna, M. (2014) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smith, M., & Cho, E. (2015) · Discovery The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural Food and Life Sciences · doi:10.54119/discovery.gflp5683 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring US Consumers Understanding of Carbon Offsets
Polonsky, M. J., Grau, S. L., & Garma, R. (2014) · Developments in marketing science: proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10864-3_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationRealization on Green Marketing in BangladeshPreprint
Shamsuddoha, M. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1302277 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The referral and influence market domains
PECK, H. (1999) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-3626-1.50009-1
Sheehan, K. B., Frazer, C. F., & Patti, C. H. (2003) · Journal of Promotion Management · doi:10.1300/j057v09n01_04
Factors influencing green consumerism behavior among Penangites
Sangaralingam, J. (2014) · UUM Electronic Theses and Dissertation [eTheses] (Northern University of Malaysia)
Environmental regulation and the OTD process
Miemczyk, J., & 3DayCar Programme (United Kingdom) (2000) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Narayana, E. S. V., Chari, A. A., Kumar, K. N. R., Hari, S., Rashinkar, S. M., Prasad, B. G., Sebastina, J. N., Devi, N. Y., Bhuria, V., Dixit, R., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Research in Commerce, IT and Management
Buogo, F. P., Zilli, J. C., & Vieira, A. C. P. (2016)
Una aproximació n a la tipología de la publicidad ecoló gica
Ique, J. E. (2000)
Kadirov, D., & Varey, R. J. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12786680.v1
Khan, S. J., Albishri, N. A., Gupta, B., Centobelli, P., & Giudice, M. D. (2026) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.70802 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kangun, N., & Polonsky, M. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at San Antonio (US)
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- Venue
- International Journal of Advertising
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1995-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-24
- ISSN
- 0265-0487 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-3948
- OpenAlex
- W2581933425
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 9.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Advertising (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Environmental Sustainability in Business
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Marketing and Advertising Strategies
- Keywords
- green marketing, marketing communication, United States regulation, comparative regulation, consumer protection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review