Unravelling the NEET phenomenon: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of risk factors for youth not in education, employment, or training
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This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the factors contributing to NEET (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) status among youth. We identify 43 studies that meet our inclusion criteria in Scopus, PsycINFO, ERIC, British Education Index, Social Science Citation Index, Conference Proceedings Index, IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, and ScienceDirect, covering the period from 2010 to October 2023. We find significant associations between NEET status and various demographic, familial, educational, socio-economic, and health-related factors. Gender-specific disparities and evolving trends within distinct demographic cohorts are revealed. Our findings highlight that NEET is associated with a higher suicide risk (OR = 2.8, 1.8–3.8), criminal behaviour (OR = 2.06, 1.47–2.65), and unemployment experience (OR = 1.98, 0.72–3.25), while higher education levels (OR = 0.81, 0.67–0.95) act as a protective factor. These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive interventions tailored to the challenges faced by NEET youth. Future research should explore these relationships further to inform policy and practice effectively.
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Experiences of loneliness and social isolation in early adolescence were independently and robustly associated with reduced socioeconomic outcomes in young adulthood, with social isolation associated with later unemployment in a magnitude similar to established risk factors including childhood socioeconomic disadvantage and mental health difficulties.
“Experiences of loneliness and social isolation in early adolescence were independently and robustly associated with reduced socioeconomic outcomes in young adulthood, with social isolation associated with later unemployment in a magnitude similar to established risk factors including childhood socioeconomic disadvantage and mental health difficulties (Rahmani et al., 2024;Veldman, van Zon & Bültm”
From Investigating the interplay of loneliness and social isolation across adolescence: Findings from a nationally representative longitudinal study (2026) · cites this paper as Rahmani et al., 2024
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Udu, K., Adjei, N. K., Akanni, L. O., Niccodemi, G., Chen, Y., Chua, Y. W., Cattermole, R., Black, M., Munford, L. A., Thielen, K., et al. (2026) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2025-003958
Labor mobility or labor stability: subjective orientations of young workers
Alekseeva, E. A., & Fedorov, A. A. (2026) · THE KAZAN SOCIALLY-HUMANITARIAN BULLETIN · doi:10.26907/2079-5912.2026.1.4-14
Exclusión laboral y educativa de los jóvenes en Colombia antes y después del COVID-19
Segura, C. F. G., Velásquez, L. R., & Losada, Ó. H. C. (2026) · Cuadernos de Economía · doi:10.15446/cuad.econ.v45n97.107273
Analysing the macroeconomic determinants of NEET youth in Iran: A spatial panel data approach
Rahmani, H., Groot, W. N. J., Arsenijevic, J., & Rahmani, A. M. (2026) · Regional Science Policy & Practice · doi:10.1016/j.rspp.2026.100313
Self-citationDisconnected Youth in the United States: NEET Trends, Determinants, and Downturn Dynamics, 1992–2024
Wang, M., & Hong, Z. (2026) · Labour · doi:10.1111/labr.70016
Dickerson, T. M., Jung, H.-M., & Waldfogel, J. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.109234
Lundberg, C., Larsson, M., Sjöberg, M., & Jönsson, F. (2026) · Social Policy and Administration · doi:10.1111/spol.70078
Eyraud, C., Collin, C., Martin, P., Alberti, C., Minary, L., Dumas, A., & Roux, É. L. (2026) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70477
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Tagoe, M. A., & Abakah, E. (2026) · International Journal of Lifelong Education · doi:10.1080/02601370.2026.2714300
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Which Illegal Markets Kill? Exploring the Mechanisms of Violence Across Illegal Markets
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Household worklessness, educational capital and NEET status among young adults in the UK
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- Authors
- Rahmani, H., Groot, W., & Rahmani, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Rahmani, Hamed
- Venue
- International Journal of Adolescence and Youth
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2024-03-24
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 0267-3843 (ISSN-L)
- 2164-4527
- OpenAlex
- W4393131200
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 6.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Adolescence and Youth (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- No funds
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Youth Education and Societal Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Outcomes and Influences
- Keywords
- NEET youth, not in education, employment or training, risk factors, suicide risk, criminal behavior, unemployment, educational attainment, gender disparities, socioeconomic factors, family factors, health factors, youth intervention
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