The structure of emotion: An empirical comparison of six models
Abstract
There are a number of conflicting approaches to the problem of the relationship between different emotions. One category of models focuses on the valence of emotional experience and typically reports evidence for dimensional approaches to emotion. A second category of models argues for the possibility of discrete basic emotions, but typically focuses on evidence from emotion systems other than conscious experience. In the present study, a list of emotion terms was drawn up that were derived conceptually from a set of basic emotions. A group of participants filled out a questionnaire that asked how much in general they experienced each of the emotions. A structural equation modelling approach was then used with the resultant dataset, an approach that permitted the comparison of six different models that ranged from the positive-negative affect models to models of discrete basic emotions. The analyses gave support for a set of five basic emotions but only when these were allowed to correlate with each other. Implications for theories of emotion are considered.
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The Basic Emotions Scale had satisfactory internal consistency, with Cronbach alphas ranging from 0.79 to 0.84.
“Internal consistencies were satisfactory, as Cronbach alphas ranged from 0.79 to 0.84 [38].”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
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- Authors
- Power, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Power, M. J.
- ORCID
- Power, M. J.
- Venue
- Cognition & Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-08
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 694-713
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- OpenAlex
- W2011881150
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- emotion structure, basic emotions, valence, emotion terms, emotional experience
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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