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Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a dual-process framework.
Open accessAbstract
It is widely acknowledged that emotions can be regulated in an astonishing variety of ways. Most research to date has focused on explicit (effortful) forms of emotion regulation. However, there is growing research interest in implicit (automatic) forms of emotion regulation. To organise emerging findings, we present a dual-process framework that integrates explicit and implicit forms of emotion regulation, and argue that both forms of regulation are necessary for well-being. In the first section of this review, we provide a broad overview of the construct of emotion regulation, with an emphasis on explicit and implicit processes. In the second section, we focus on explicit emotion regulation, considering both neural mechanisms that are associated with these processes and their experiential and physiological consequences. In the third section, we turn to several forms of implicit emotion regulation, and integrate the burgeoning literature in this area. We conclude by outlining open questions and areas for future research.
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“Implicit emotion regulation, by contrast, does not require conscious intentions (Gyurak et al., 2011; Koole and Rothermund, 2011; Koole et al., 2015).”
From Synchrony in Psychotherapy: A Review and an Integrative Framework for the Therapeutic Alliance (2016) · cites this paper as Gyurak et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“these reviews offer differing descriptions of ‘implicit’ regulation, sometimes focusing on the lack of a conscious and explicit goal to regulate and other times arguing that it occurs automatically and/or without need for cognitive control.”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Gyurak et al., 2011
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“For instance, Gyurak et al. (2011) proposed that implicit emotion regulation may develop from the habitual use of specific explicit strategies.”
From Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence (2015) · cites this paper as Gyurak et al., 2011
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“Thus, there is considerable evidence that the ability to filter out emotional stimuli entering the processing stream in a ‘bottom-up’ manner (Gyurak et al., 2011) in pursuit of a goal continues to mature throughout adolescence.”
From Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence (2015) · cites this paper as Gyurak et al., 2011
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“…cognitive reappraisal, has been shown to result in lower physiological reactivity and less intense emotional experiences than suppression (Gross, 1998b, 2002) and has also been related to lower self-reported emotions in a lab stress and better functional life outcomes in an at-risk…”
Self-citationGross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671 · cited 8×
“Our aim is not to provide a comprehensive review of emotion regulation as a field (see Gross, 1998a; Gross & Thompson, 2007; Koole, 2010, for reviews).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., & Etkin, A.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gyurak, Anett
- Venue
- Cognition and Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-02-22
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 400-412
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- PMC
- PMC3280343
- OpenAlex
- W2069861759
- Cited by
- 1,015
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 22.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh020006-19)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH020006), F32MH086261)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, implicit emotion regulation, well-being, automatic emotion regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Emotions, Forecasting, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psychomotor Performance, Social Control, Informal, Unconscious, Psychology
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