Ayahuasca and public health II: Health status in a large sample of ayahuasca-ceremony participants in the Netherlands
Open accessAbstract
Ayahuasca is a plant decoction in traditional Amazonian medicine. Its ritual use has been internationalized, leading to policy challenges that countries should address. This study evaluates the impact of regular ayahuasca ceremony participation on health by assessing the health status of 377 participants in ayahuasca ceremonies in the Netherlands using validated health indicators. A questionnaire was developed and administered to study participants. The questionnaire included several health indicators with public health relevance (e.g., BMI, diet, physical activity) and psychometrically validated questionnaires (ELS and COPE-easy). The data retrieved through health indicators was compared to normative Dutch data. Participants (50.1% women) were mostly Dutch (84.6%) with a mean age of 48.8 years (SD = 11.6). Compared to normative Dutch data, regular participants in ayahuasca ceremonies showed better general well-being, fewer chronic or lifestyle-related diseases, more physical activity, and a more balanced diet. Participants also used less alcohol during the COVID-19 pandemic, and although they used more illegal drugs than the general population, they did not report associated harms. Our findings suggest that regular participation in ayahuasca ceremonies is not linked to relevant health harms. This data could help drug policymakers to develop and implement evidence-based public policies.
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Individuals who regularly use ayahuasca in a communal setting exhibit higher general well-being, increased physical activity, and balanced diet than the general population.
“Several studies have evidenced that individuals who regularly use ayahuasca in a communal setting exhibit a higher level of general well-being, increased physical activity, and balanced diet than the general population (27–29).”
From Ayahuasca-assisted meaning reconstruction therapy for grief: a non-randomized clinical trial protocol (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Kohek, M., Ona, G., van Elk, M., Dos Santos, R. G., Hallak, J. E. C., Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á., & Bouso, J. C.
- Affiliations
- International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research, and Service (ES)
- International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research & Service (ICEERS), Barcelona, Spain
- Cognitive Psychology Section, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (BR)
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Bouso, José Carlos
- Venue
- Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2022-05-28
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 247-258
- ISSN
- 0279-1072 (ISSN-L)
- 2159-9777
- OpenAlex
- W4281790931
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 4.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Biblos-e Archivo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Hispana (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- funding
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- ayahuasca, ayahuasca ceremonies, ritual drug use, health status, well-being, chronic disease, lifestyle-related diseases, physical activity, diet, alcohol consumption, COVID-19 pandemic, illicit drug use, harm reduction, drug policy, public health, Netherlands
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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