The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 15 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross‐sectional survey
Open accessAbstract
The aim of the present study is to provide a snapshot of how depression is understood and addressed by Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand. Participants were 548 Pacific peoples (age range 16–83 years) residing in Aotearoa New Zealand, who completed the Pasifika Mental Health in Aotearoa (PMHA) survey containing questions regarding depression. Content Analysis was used to categorise open‐ended responses, and descriptive statistics were used to analyse participant response frequencies. Participant conceptualisations of depression demonstrated a strong understanding of depression, with most identifying multiple symptoms and many describing symptoms aligned with DSM‐5‐TR criteria. When asked about addressing depression, participants overwhelmingly endorsed seeking informal support, followed by formal support. Consistent with these preferences, participants rated talking to friends and counsellors as most helpful, while substance use, including alcohol and drugs, was strongly identified as harmful. This study reveals that Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand understand depression with strong preferences for both informal and formal support. These findings challenge assumptions about the low level of mental health literacy in Pacific communities and highlight the importance of culturally responsive approaches.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This cross-sectional survey of 548 Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand found a strong understanding of depression, with many participants describing multiple symptoms and symptoms aligned with DSM-5-TR criteria. Participants overwhelmingly endorsed informal support, followed by formal support, and rated counsellors and friends as most helpful while alcohol and drugs were strongly identified as harmful.
Key findings
- Among 473 responses to “What do you think ‘depression’ is?”, the most frequent category was experiencing multiple symptoms attributable to depression (n = 399), followed by DSM-5-TR-aligned symptoms (n = 347); 99 recognised depression as an illness, 12 said they did not know, and 9 identified symptoms not attributable to depression.
- For “If you or someone you know has depression, what do you think is the best thing to do?” (470 respondents; 499 coded segments), 306 (61.3%) endorsed seeking informal support, 101 (20.3%) formal support, 81 (16.2%) personal strategies, and 11 (2.2%) did not know.
- Helpfulness ratings were highest for seeing a counsellor (90.2% helpful), talking to friends (85.1%), seeing a psychiatrist (77.0%), and seeing a doctor (72.2%); harmfulness ratings were highest for using drugs (86.4% harmful), using alcohol (84.9%), and drinking kava (60.8%).
- The paper reports that these findings challenge assumptions about low mental health literacy in Pacific communities and highlight preferences for culturally responsive approaches that recognise relational and collective wellbeing.
Methods
- The study draws on the Pasifika Mental Health in Aotearoa (PMHA) cross-sectional survey, collected in 2018–2019 from 548 self-identified Pacific peoples aged 16 years and older who normally live in Aotearoa New Zealand; 99% completed online via Qualtrics, with eligibility requiring Pacific ethnicity, age 16+, and normal residence in Aotearoa NZ.
- The present analysis used three depression-focused items: an open-ended question on what depression is, an open-ended question on the best thing to do if someone has depression, and a tick-box item rating actions as “Unsure,” “Harmful,” “No difference,” or “Helpful.”
- Open-ended responses were analysed using inductive content analysis, and descriptive statistics were used to analyse response frequencies.
Limitations
- Stated: the study does not differentiate between specific Pacific ethnic groups; the sample is skewed toward female, under-45, and Auckland-based participants; the predominantly online survey may have introduced selection bias by excluding those with limited digital literacy or internet access; the cross-sectional design cannot track change over time; acculturation and generational differences remain unexplored; and the study examines stated beliefs rather than actual help-seeking behaviours or treatment outcomes.
- Stated: the survey format may have limited response depth compared with in-depth Talanoa or other qualitative inquiry, and some cultural concepts may be difficult to articulate in brief written responses.
- Evident from the text: recruitment was voluntary with direct and snowball sampling plus public/social media advertisements, and the authors state the results cannot be generalised to the wider Pacific population of Aotearoa NZ.
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Claims the paper makes
49 Own result · 36 Own interpretation · 20 Own method · 6 Sources not found · 3 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 99 participants recognised depression as an illness”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 1
plainn = 99- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“‘Talking to parents’ (61.0%), ‘talking to Church groups’ (54.8%), and ‘talking to a Church Minister(s)’ (51.5%) also received high ratings for helpfulness.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported responses accurately reflect their actual understanding and perceptions of depression.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey items measuring helpfulness and harmfulness are valid and interpreted consistently by participants.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants overwhelmingly endorsed seeking informal support”
- Also stated in: § Item 2 · plain
“The majority of participants (61.3%) identified seeking informal support as the best approach to addressing depression”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Item 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of participants identified multiple symptoms attributable to depression, suggesting a considerable level of mental health literacy regarding depression, which contrasts with assumptions sometimes made about limited mental health awareness in Pacific populations (Ravulo et al. 2019, 2021; Kapeli 2022).”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Discussion > Integration of key findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported responses accurately reflect their actual understanding and perceptions of depression.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey items measuring helpfulness and harmfulness are valid and interpreted consistently by participants.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“‘Drinking kava’ was also predominantly viewed as harmful (60.8%), though a larger percentage of participants were unsure about its impact (24.5%).”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported responses accurately reflect their actual understanding and perceptions of depression.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey items measuring helpfulness and harmfulness are valid and interpreted consistently by participants.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“‘Talking to siblings’ (70.7%), ‘talking to a teacher’ (67.3%), ‘talking to extended family’ (66.1%), and ‘talking to people of the same ethnicity’ (65.0%) were all perceived as helpful.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported responses accurately reflect their actual understanding and perceptions of depression.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey items measuring helpfulness and harmfulness are valid and interpreted consistently by participants.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“‘Talking to parents’ (61.0%), ‘talking to Church groups’ (54.8%), and ‘talking to a Church Minister(s)’ (51.5%) also received high ratings for helpfulness.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported responses accurately reflect their actual understanding and perceptions of depression.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey items measuring helpfulness and harmfulness are valid and interpreted consistently by participants.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“‘Drinking kava’ was also predominantly viewed as harmful (60.8%), though a larger percentage of participants were unsure about its impact (24.5%).”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported responses accurately reflect their actual understanding and perceptions of depression.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey items measuring helpfulness and harmfulness are valid and interpreted consistently by participants.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seek informal support | This category refers to responses suggesting that individuals with depression should turn to their existing social networks for help and comfort. This category includes responses that indicated ‘talking to family members’, ‘talking with friends’, and ‘connecting with people from church’. | 306 (61.3)”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 2
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CA of participant responses to the question ‘What do you think depression is?’ yielded ten categories.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 1
plainn = 473- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- Probably not a substantial claim. 38
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While formal mental health services were broadly viewed as helpful, there were varying levels of confidence in different types of informal support.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Discussion > Integration of key findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported responses accurately reflect their actual understanding and perceptions of depression.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey items measuring helpfulness and harmfulness are valid and interpreted consistently by participants.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most identifying multiple symptoms”
- Also stated in: § Item 1 · hedged
“the most frequent category was ‘Experiencing multiple symptoms attributable to depression’ (n = 399)”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Abstract
plainn = 399- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Item 1 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“identified symptoms not typically associated with depression (n = 9)”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 1
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a small number of participants (n = 12) indicated ‘Do not know’”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 1
plainn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“followed by formal support”
- Also stated in: § Item 2 · plain
“One-fifth of participants (20.3%) recommended formal support”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Item 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While talking to people of the same ethnicity was viewed as helpful by participants, there was uncertainty about the role of traditional healers and church ministers.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Discussion > Cultural implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported responses accurately reflect their actual understanding and perceptions of depression.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey items measuring helpfulness and harmfulness are valid and interpreted consistently by participants.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the analysis resulted in 1,342 coded segments.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 1
plainn = 473- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Do not know | This category captures responses indicating uncertainty about how to respond to depression. | 11 (2.2)”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 2
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Persistent symptoms over time | Responses that highlight the characteristic of depression as involving symptoms that persist over an extended period of time. This category includes statements that mention symptoms lasting for ‘week’, ‘months’, ‘a long time’, or any indication of a prolonged duration. | 62 (5)”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CA of participant responses to the question ‘If you or someone you know has depression, what do you think is the best thing to do?’ yielded four categories.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 2
plainn = 548- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a substantial portion of responses (n = 238) identified general symptoms of depression”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 1
plainn = 238- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the analysis resulted in 499 coded segments.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 2
plainn = 548- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that cultural healing practices and religious supports play complex roles in mental health care for Pacific peoples and cannot be assumed to be universally appropriate or effective.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Discussion > Cultural implications
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings highlight the importance of understanding depression within culturally specific frameworks.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Discussion > Cultural implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This multifaceted approach provides a more complete understanding than would be gained from any single measure.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Strengths
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whilst the results cannot be generalised to the wider Pacific population of Aotearoa NZ, the findings do provide valuable insights into the understanding of depression, help-seeking behaviours, and perceptions of what is helpful or harmful in addressing depression for Pacific peoples.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The large sample size (n = 548) provides robust findings that likely represent diverse perspectives within Pacific communities in Aotearoa NZ.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Strengths
hedgedn = 548- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported responses accurately reflect their actual understanding and perceptions of depression.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey items measuring helpfulness and harmfulness are valid and interpreted consistently by participants.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The open-ended questions allowed participants to express their understanding in their own words, resulting in rich qualitative data that captured cultural nuances.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Strengths
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These barriers include stigma, limited awareness of available services and pathways to care, prohibitive costs associated with care and transportation, competing priorities whereby family obligations and often precarious employment preclude prioritising self-care and mental health appointments, as well as culturally unsafe service provision (Ataera-Minster and Trowland 2018; Faleafa 2020; RANZCP 2”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Discussion > Integration of key findings
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ataera-Minster and Trowland 2018; Faleafa 2020; RANZCP 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample also demonstrates demographic biases, with participants skewed towards being female, under 45 years of age and Auckland-based, which may limit the generalisability of findings to male participants, older adults, and Pacific communities in other regions of Aotearoa NZ.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Limitations
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported responses accurately reflect their actual understanding and perceptions of depression.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey items measuring helpfulness and harmfulness are valid and interpreted consistently by participants.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The University of Auckland Human Participants Ethics Committee (UAHPEC) approved the survey and supporting documents on 29 October 2018 until 29 October 2021. Reference number: 022137.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Methods > Ethics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings reveal a sophisticated understanding of depression that encompasses both clinical symptoms and relational impacts, alongside a strong preference for informal support complemented by professional services.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Conclusion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study reveals that Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand understand depression with strong preferences for both informal and formal support.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey sample is representative of Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants indicated their informed consent by completing the survey.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Methods > Ethics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These insights challenge deficit-based assumptions about mental health literacy in Pacific communities and highlight the importance of culturally responsive approaches that recognise the centrality of social connections to wellbeing.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, the survey was predominantly completed online, which may have introduced selection bias by potentially excluding participants with limited digital literacy or internet access.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported responses accurately reflect their actual understanding and perceptions of depression.
- Rests on an assumption: The survey items measuring helpfulness and harmfulness are valid and interpreted consistently by participants.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differences may reflect cultural dynamics around hierarchy, authority, and appropriate disclosure within Pacific families and communities.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Discussion > Integration of key findings
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the survey format may have limited the depth of responses compared to what might be obtained through in-depth Talanoa or another form of qualitative inquiry.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This understanding aligns with holistic views of Pacific health and wellbeing as reflected by prominent Pacific health and wellbeing frameworks, including the Fonofale Model (Pulotu-Endemann 2001; Suaalii-Sauni et al. 2009; Ioane and Tudor 2017), Te Vaka Atafaga (Kupa 2009), and the Fonua and Fonua Ola Models (Tu’itahi 2015), to name a few.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Discussion > Cultural implications
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pulotu-Endemann 2001; Suaalii-Sauni et al. 2009; Ioane and Tudor 2017; Kupa 2009; Tu’itahi 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“face significant barriers to mental health care due to stigma, reliance on family support, mistrust and lack of knowledge of services”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tiatia-Seath 2014 source
- Not matchedcites Ataera-Minster and Trowland 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Kapeli et al. 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, while the study identifies what participants believe about depression and its treatment, it does not examine actual help-seeking behaviours or treatment outcomes.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings reveal a multifaceted understanding of depression that demonstrates increased awareness of symptoms and the importance of support.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“depression PHQ-91 scores were significantly higher for Pacific peoples at 4.2 versus 3.4 for non-Pacific peoples”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ataera-Minster and Trowland 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The survey was an anonymous, confidential, and voluntary survey”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Methods > Ethics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the survey was redeveloped and was then piloted with volunteers from Pacific communities, whose feedback was used to further refine the survey.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Methods > Project overview
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pacific peoples also experience higher rates of psychological distress (1.2 times as likely compared to non-Pacific)”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tiatia-Seath 2014 source
- Not matchedcites Ataera-Minster and Trowland 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Kapeli et al. 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a talanoa was organised with the PMHA's Pacific Advisory Team (PAT), which included: Professor Jemaima Tiatia-Siau, Dr Sione Vaka, Dr Epenesa Olo-Whaanga, Dr Sam Manuela and Mrs Sisilia Noavea. The PAT provided cultural, clinical, community and academic expertise”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Methods > Project overview
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stated preferences may not always translate into actual behaviours when facing mental health challenges.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A key strength of this study is its focus on understanding depression from the perspective of Pacific peoples themselves rather than imposing external frameworks.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Strengths
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we decided not to take a deductive approach, rather taking an inductive approach in allowing themes to be identified organically from the data. The aim of this approach was to avoid researcher bias and ensure that the analysis was grounded in the unique characteristics of the dataset.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Methods > Analytical approach
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study provides valuable insights into how Pacific peoples in Aotearoa NZ understand and respond to depression.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is particularly important for Pacific research as some cultural concepts related to mental wellbeing may be difficult to articulate in brief written responses.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The influence of acculturation and generational differences in mental health conceptualisations also remains unexplored.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The preference for seeking informal before formal support suggests that mental health services might be more effective when they acknowledge and incorporate existing support networks within Pacific communities.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Discussion > Cultural implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative content analysis with quantitative analysis of response frequencies, offers a comprehensive picture of how depression is understood and addressed.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Strengths
plainn = 548- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 548 survey participants, 473 participants responded to this question.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 1
plainn = 473- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quantitative research is often represented by numerical data and fails to recognise that each number represents a person or a voice.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 548 participants, 470 responded to this question.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 2
plainn = 548- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the cross-sectional design provides a snapshot of current understandings but cannot track how these may change over time.”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Strengths, limitations, and future directions > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' open-ended responses accurately reflect their conceptualisations of depression.
“Participants were presented with the question, ‘What do you think ‘depression’ is?’ and participants were able to provide an open-ended response.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The content analysis categories accurately capture and represent participants' responses about depression.
“authors employed a content analytical approach to code participant responses”
The paper relies on this without support.
The survey sample is representative of Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand.
“Participants were 548 Pacific peoples (age range 16–83 years) residing in Aotearoa New Zealand”
The paper relies on this without support.
DSM-5-TR criteria are a valid benchmark for assessing accurate understanding of depression.
“many describing symptoms aligned with DSM-5-TR criteria”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand share enough commonalities in conceptualising depression to be studied as a single group.
“Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' self-reported responses accurately reflect their actual understanding and perceptions of depression.
“The findings suggest that Pacific peoples in Aotearoa NZ generally have a good understanding of depression as a legitimate health condition with recognisable symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The survey items measuring helpfulness and harmfulness are valid and interpreted consistently by participants.
“Table 4. Percentage of participants who reported what they thought was helpful, harmful, made no difference or were unsure in relation to depression.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Such barriers include stigma, discrimination, socioeconomic deprivation, reliance on family-based support, conflicting priorities, historical mistrust in formal support services, and limited knowledge or access to culturally grounded mental health support [7,8,9,10].”
From Voices of the Pacific: Pacific Peoples’ Conceptualisations of Anxiety in Aotearoa New Zealand—Findings from a Cross-Sectional Survey (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These barriers may be accompanied by practical challenges like cost or transport [4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12].”
From Voices of the Pacific: Pacific Peoples’ Conceptualisations of Anxiety in Aotearoa New Zealand—Findings from a Cross-Sectional Survey (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Consistent with Pacific frameworks [39,40], such as the Fonofale Model [27] and prior research [10,22] that has indicated the centrality of social connections for Pacific peoples, wellbeing is grounded in family and collective relationships.”
From Voices of the Pacific: Pacific Peoples’ Conceptualisations of Anxiety in Aotearoa New Zealand—Findings from a Cross-Sectional Survey (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Talking to your siblings (518) | 366 (70.7) | 17 (3.3) | 34 (6.6) | 101 (18.4) |”
§ Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross-sectional survey > Results > Item 3
Reported 18.4 · recomputed 19.498069
Citations
Cites
Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis
Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732305276687 · Cited by 44,601
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476
The qualitative content analysis process
Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x · Cited by 22,617 · cited 1×
“Content analysis has become a widely used research method within health studies (Hsieh and Shannon 2005; Elo and Kyngäs 2008; Crowe et al. 2015; Ogbodo et al. 2020) and is a key approach to identifying patterns and themes in textual health data.”
Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., Christensen, H., Rodgers, B., & Pollitt, P. (1997) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb140071.x · Cited by 2,585
Conducting Qualitative Research in Mental Health: Thematic and Content Analyses
Crowe, M., Inder, M., & Porter, R. (2015) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415582053 · Cited by 398
Tamasese, K., Peteru, C., Waldegrave, C., & Bush, A. (2005) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01572.x · Cited by 282
Reavley, N. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2011) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2011.621060 · Cited by 271
Communicating health crisis: a content analysis of global media framing of COVID-19
Ogbodo, J. N., Onwe, E. C., Chukwu, J. N., Nwasum, C. J., Nwakpu, E. S., Nwankwo, S. U., Nwamini, S. C., Elem, S., & Ogbaeja, N. I. (2020) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.34172/hpp.2020.40 · Cited by 258
Kermode, M., Bowen, K., Arole, S., Pathare, S., & Jorm, A. F. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0031-7 · Cited by 155
Mental health literacy among residents in Shanghai.
(2013) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2013.04.004 · Cited by 66
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- CabassaL.2009.Mental health literacy in the United States: a systematic review of population based studies. 13th Annual Conference for the Society for Social Work and Research New Orleans LA.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268158415_Mental_Health_Literacy_in_the_United_States_A_Systematic_Review_of_Population_Based_Studies.
- 10.58694/j.1326‐5377.1997.tb140071.x · DOI
- KapeliSA.2022.Exploring Pasifika mental health literacy in Aotearoa New Zealand[dissertation]. University of Auckland.https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/server/api/core/bitstreams/ab31a55c‐632b‐4c0a‐b299‐30c04ff25300/content.
- Maua‐Hodges T., 2000, Ako Pai ki Aitutaki: transporting or weaving cultures
- McLeanSA.2018.Depression in young Samoan females: the views of mental health service providers[master's thesis]. University of Auckland.https://hdl.handle.net/2292/45929.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chandra, L. A., McLean-Orsborn, S., Tone-Graham, P. V., & Kapeli, S. A. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23030291
Self-citationMoloney, A., Harriott, T., Zvavahera, P., Mason, M., Oprescu, F., Johnston‐Devin, C., Pilang, C., & Dixson, B. J. W. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11102434/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kapeli, S. A., McLean‐Orsborn, S., Singh, I., Chandra, L., & Tone‐Graham, P. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- School of Psychology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- Corresponding author
- Kapeli, Sarah A.
- Venue
- Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2025-07-03
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2702-2716
- ISSN
- 0303-6758 (ISSN-L)
- 1175-8899
- PMC
- PMC12315125
- OpenAlex
- W4411990278
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2
- FWCI
- 1.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Keywords
- depression, Pacific Islanders, Pasifika, mental health literacy, help-seeking preferences, informal support, formal support, substance use
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross‐sectional survey. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/03036758.2025.2525159
- The paper
- Kapeli, S. A., McLean‐Orsborn, S., Singh, I., Chandra, L., & Tone‐Graham, P. V. (2025). Pacific peoples’ conceptualisations of depression in Aotearoa New Zealand: Findings from a cross‐sectional survey. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2025.2525159
