Cited by 371Communication in Education and HealthcareAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Validity of the PRCA as an index of oral communication apprehension

McCroskey, James C.·1978·Communication Monographs

DOI 10.1080/03637757809375965

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This paper reviews the research which has employed the PRCA to measure the construct of oral communication apprehension. It is concluded that the PRCA is a reliable and valid measure of that construct.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/03637757809375965

Cites

27 of 27 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Human Communication Research
Harwood, J., & Ortiz, M. (2006) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00280.x · Cited by 1,293
Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research
McCROSKEY, J. C. (1977) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00599.x · Cited by 890
Measures of communication‐bound anxiety
McCroskey, J. C. (1970) · Speech Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637757009375677 · Cited by 723
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS
McCroskey, J. C., & Andersen, J. F. (1976) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00506.x · Cited by 223
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION: A RESEARCH NOTE
McCroskey, J. C., Daly, J. A., & Sorensen, G. (1976) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00498.x · Cited by 171
Occupational desirability and choice as a function of communication apprehension.
Daly, J. A., & McCroskey, J. C. (1975) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076748 · Cited by 151
STUDIES OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION AND SELF-ESTEEM
McCroskey, J. C., RICHMOND, V. P., Daly, J. A., & Falcione, R. L. (1977) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00525.x · Cited by 138
Classroom seating arrangements: Instructional communication theory versus student preferences
McCorskey, J. C., & McVetta, R. W. (1978) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634527809378281 · Cited by 127
The implementation of a large‐scale program of systematic desensitization for communication apprehension
McCroskey, J. C. (1972) · The Speech Teacher · doi:10.1080/03634527209377961 · Cited by 120
A comparison of skills training and cognitive restructuring-relaxation for the treatment of speech anxiety
Fremouw, W. J., & Zitter, R. E. (1978) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(78)80110-5 · Cited by 117

Show all 27 references

Research works printed but not linked: 9

Moore, David L. 1972. “The Effects of Systematic Desensitization on Communication Apprehension in an Aged Population,”. Illinois State M.S. thesis
Weiner, Allen N. 1973. “Machiavellianism as a Predictor of Group Interaction and Cohesion,”. West Virginia M.A. thesis
Falcione Raymond L., 1977, Communication Yearbook I, 363
McCroskey James C., Communication Quarterly
Sorensen Gail A., 1977, CM, 44, 73
Hamilton, Paul R. 1972. “The Effect of Risk Proneness on Small Group Interaction, Communication Apprehension, and Self‐Disclosure,”. Illinois State M.S. thesis
Wenzlaff, Velma J. 1971. “The Prediction of Leadership: A Consideration of Selected Communication Variables,”. Illinois State M.S. thesis
Witteman, Hal R. 1976. “The Relationship of Communication Apprehension to Opinion Leadership and Innovativeness,”. West Virginia M.A. thesis
Fremouw William J., Behavior Therapy

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 371

Learning Outcomes: The Bottom Line
Clark, R. A. (2002) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634520216531 · Cited by 41
Motivating IT professionals
Burn, J. M., Couger, J. D., & Ma, L. C. K. (1992) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/0378-7206(92)90074-p · Cited by 41
Speechlessness
Berger, C. R. (2004) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x04263821 · Cited by 41
“Both the PRCA (α = .93) and the social anxiety (α = .88) scales were found to be highly reliable.”
MethodInfluential
Reducing accounting students' oral communication apprehension: Empirical evidence
Ruchala, L. V., & Hill, J. W. (1994) · Journal of Accounting Education · doi:10.1016/0748-5751(94)90023-x · Cited by 41
Speech Communication Anxiety: An Impediment to Academic Achievement in the University Classroom.
Boohar, R. K., & Seiler, W. J. (1982) · The Journal of classroom interaction · Cited by 41
The development of critical thinking, team working, and communication skills in a business school–A project-based learning approach
Dias-Oliveira, E., Pasion, R., da Cunha, R. V., & Coelho, S. L. (2024) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101680 · Cited by 130
Measuring Assurance of Learning at the Degree Program and Academic Major Levels
Marshall, L. L. (2007) · Journal of Education for Business · doi:10.3200/joeb.83.2.101-109 · Cited by 40
“I used the WA (Daly & Miller, 1975a) and OCA (McCroskey, 1978) instruments to determine the average communication apprehension levels of students in each major.”
BackgroundMethod
Anxiety Measures and Salivary Cortisol Responses in Preschool Children Who Stutter
van der Merwe, B., Robb, M. P., Lewis, J. G., & Ormond, T. (2011) · Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders · doi:10.1044/cicsd_38_s_1 · Cited by 39
“Heightened state anxiety specific to social situations is termed communication apprehension (McCroskey, 1978).”
Background
Opposite sex touch avoidance: A national replication and extension
Andersen, J. F., Andersen, P. A., & Lustig, M. W. (1987) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00990960 · Cited by 39
Power 2
Blood, G. W. (1995) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461.2602.169 · Cited by 39
The Effect of Individual Difference Variables on Information Sharing in Decision-Making Groups
Henningsen, D. D., & Henningsen, M. L. M. (2004) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/30.4.540 · Cited by 38
Quiet children in the classroom: On helping not hurting
McCroskey, J. C. (1980) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634528009378419 · Cited by 37
Speech preparation processes and speech apprehension
Ayres, J. (1996) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634529609379051 · Cited by 36
Instructional interventions for reducing situational anxiety and avoidance
Booth‐Butterfield, S. (1988) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634528809378721 · Cited by 36
Developing a scale to assess cognitive responses to frightening films
Sparks, G. G. (1986) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838158609386608 · Cited by 35
PSYCHOLOGICAL SEX TYPE AND ANDROGYNY IN THE STUDY OF COMMUNICATION VARIABLES: SELF-DISCLOSURE AND COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
Greenblatt, L. M., HASENAUER, J. E., & Freimuth, V. S. (1980) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1980.tb00132.x · Cited by 35
Communication apprehension, state anxiety and behavioral disruption: A causal analysis
Beatty, M. J., Dobos, J. A., Balfantz, G. L., & Kuwabara, A. Y. (1991) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463379109369782 · Cited by 35
Can I get better? Exploring mindset theory in the introductory communication course
Nordin, K., & Broeckelman-Post, M. A. (2018) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634523.2018.1538522 · Cited by 45
“Finally, in a study using a recognized communication measure, public speaking apprehension (McCroskey, 1978), researchers found students with a growth mindset toward public speaking were less anxious and more confident (Stewart et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION AND ACHIEVEMENT IN A PERFORMANCE-ORIENTED BASIC COMMUNICATION COURSE
Powers, W., & Smythe, M. J. (1980) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1980.tb00134.x · Cited by 34
Prescription drug abuse communication: A qualitative analysis of prescriber and pharmacist perceptions and behaviors
Hagemeier, N. E., Tudiver, F. G., Brewster, S., Hagy, E. J., Hagaman, A. M., & Pack, R. P. (2015) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.12.008 · Cited by 33
Audit of accounting program on oral communications apprehension: a comparative study among accounting students
Aly, I. M., & Islam, M. (2003) · Managerial Auditing Journal · doi:10.1108/02686900310500514 · Cited by 33
A test of the cross‐situational consistency of communication apprehension
Parks, M. R. (1980) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637758009376033 · Cited by 33
VERBAL BEHAVIOR AS A FUNCTION OF APPREHENSION AND SOCIAL CONTEXT
Jordan, W. J., & Powers, W. G. (1978) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1978.tb00715.x · Cited by 33
The Aggressiveness of Playful Arguments
Hample, D., Han, B., & Payne, D. (2009) · Argumentation · doi:10.1007/s10503-009-9173-8 · Cited by 32
SOCIAL COMMUNICATIVE ANXIETY AND THE PERSONNEL SELECTION PROCESS: TESTING THE SIMILARITY EFFECT IN SELECTION DECISIONS
Daly, J. A., RICHMOND, V. P., & Leth, S. A. (1979) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1979.tb00288.x · Cited by 32
The Relationship between Learners’ Affective Variables and Second Language Achievement
Alrabai, F., & Moskovsky, C. (2016) · Arab World English Journal · doi:10.24093/awej/vol7no2.6 · Cited by 32
The Role of Social Presence in Opinion Expression During FtF and CMC Discussions
Cortese, J., & Seo, M. (2012) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824096.2011.639913 · Cited by 33
“Using a review of CA studies, McCroskey (1978) concluded that the original PRCA scale has both predictive and concurrent validity.”
Method
Communicator style and social style: Similarities and differences between the sexes
Staley, C. C., & Cohen, J. L. (1988) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463378809369722 · Cited by 31
Communication apprehension and perceptions of salesperson performance: a multinational perspective
PITT, L. F., Berthon, P. R., & Robson, M. J. (2000) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940010305315 · Cited by 30
Anticipatory Speech Anxiety as a Function of Public Speaking Assignment Type An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2005 convention of the National Communication Association in Boston
Witt, P. L., & Behnke, R. R. (2006) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634520600566074 · Cited by 30
“Some researchers have approached public speaking anxiety as one facet of communication apprehension, ‘‘an individual’s level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons’’ (McCroskey, 1978, p. 192).”
Background
Receiver apprehension as a function of cognitive backlog
Beatty, M. J. (1981) · Western Journal of Speech Communication · doi:10.1080/10570318109374049 · Cited by 30
Dimensions of communication reticence and their impact on verbal encoding
Burgoon, J., & Hale, J. L. (1983) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463378309369519 · Cited by 34
The relationship between visual imagery and public speaking apprehension
Ayres, J., & Heuett, B. L. (1997) · Communication Reports · doi:10.1080/08934219709367662 · Cited by 30
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL GENDER ORIENTATION AND COMMUNICATOR STYLE
TALLEY, M. A., & RICHMOND, V. P. (1980) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1980.tb00154.x · Cited by 30
Virtual reality acceptance and commitment therapy intervention for social and public speaking anxiety: A randomized controlled trial
Gorinelli, S., Gallego, A., Lappalainen, P., & Lappalainen, R. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.05.004 · Cited by 28
Loneliness and the Mainstreamed Hearing Impaired College Student
Murphy, J. S., & Newlon, B. J. (1987) · American annals of the deaf · doi:10.1353/aad.2012.0737 · Cited by 27
Academic achievement at the cost of ambition: The mixed results of a supportive, interactive environment on socially anxious teenagers
Machell, K. A., Blalock, D. V., Kashdan, T. B., & Yuen, M. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.018 · Cited by 25
“The original validation studies indicated sufficient evidence for construct and predictive validity (McCroskey, 1978).”
Background
PitchPerfect
Trinh, H., Yatani, K., & Edge, D. (2014) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2556288.2557286 · Cited by 28
Culture and the Development of Interpersonal Relationships
Gudykunst, W. B. (1989) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.1989.11678725 · Cited by 25
Public speaking apprehension, decision‐making errors in the selection of speech introduction strategies and adherence to strategy
Beatty, M. J. (1988) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634528809378731 · Cited by 27
Factors Contributing to Communication Apprehension among Pre-University Students
Tom, A. A., Johari, A., Shuib, A. R. A., & Huzaimah, S. (2013) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n8p665 · Cited by 24
“McCroskey (1977a, 1978) defined communication apprehension as “an individual’s level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons.””
Background
Training public speaking with virtual social interactions: effectiveness of real-time feedback and delayed feedback
Chollet, M., Marsella, S., & Scherer, S. J. (2021) · Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces · doi:10.1007/s12193-021-00371-1 · Cited by 24
Understanding the Influence of Self-Critical, Self-Managing, and Social-Assessing Self-Talk on Performance Outcomes in a Public Speaking Context
Shi, X., Brinthaupt, T. M., & McCree, M. (2017) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/0276236617708740 · Cited by 24
“As a group, participants’ trait PSA scores (M¼ 19.63) were close to published norms (M¼ 19.30, see McCroskey, 1978), suggesting that participants in this study represent the general population.”
ResultInfluential
CONCEPTUALIZING CONVERSATIONAL COMPLEXITY
Daly, J. A., Bell, R. A., Glenn, P. J., & Lawrence, S. G. (1985) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1985.tb00065.x · Cited by 24
Internet apprehensiveness
Susskind, A. M., & Stefanone, M. A. (2010) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology · doi:10.1108/17579881011022990 · Cited by 23
“The concept of internet apprehensiveness as an adaptation of the basic concepts of communication apprehension (McCroskey, 1977, 1978) and CMC apprehension (Clarke, 1991; Flaherty et al., 1998) is based on the theoretical framework of innovation resistance (Jarvenpaa and Todd, 1996/1997; Ram, 1987,…”
Background
Self-assessment of the oral presentation competence: Effects of gender and student’s performance
Cruz, A. M. B., & Tacoronte, D. V. (2018) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2018.04.001 · Cited by 23
Changes in latitude, changes in attitude: The relationship between climate and interpersonal communication predispositions
Andersen, P. A., Lustig, M. W., & Andersen, J. F. (1990) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463379009369768 · Cited by 23
Nonverbal communication performance and perceptions associated with reticence: Replications and classroom implications
Burgoon, J. K., Pfau, M. W., Birk, T., & Manusov, V. (1987) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634528709378652 · Cited by 23
A comparison of verbal output and receptivity in relation to attraction and communication satisfaction in interpersonal relationships
Wheeless, L. R., Frymier, A. B., & Thompson, C. A. (1992) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463379209369826 · Cited by 23
Classroom Seating Choice and Teacher Perceptions of Students
Daly, J. A., & Suite, A. (1981) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.1981.11011803 · Cited by 22
Alleviating communication apprehension through rational emotive therapy: A comparative evaluation
Watson, A. K., & Dodd, C. H. (1984) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634528409384750 · Cited by 22
Receiver apprehension and cognitive complexity
Beatty, M. J., & Payne, S. K. (1981) · Western Journal of Speech Communication · doi:10.1080/10570318109374057 · Cited by 22
The Measurement of Communication Apprehension regarding the Terminally Ill
Hayslip, B. (1987) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/w4hk-wln6-lpla-lyta · Cited by 22
Orientations toward interpersonal arguing in Chile
Yáñéz, C. S., & Hample, D. (2015) · Pragmatics Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) · doi:10.1075/prag.25.3.06san · Cited by 21
Quitting the Game: Covert Disengagement from Butler County Eight Ball
Roberts, J. M., & Chick, G. (1984) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.1984.86.3.02a00010 · Cited by 21
Effects of communication apprehension on perceptions of leadership and intragroup attraction in small task‐oriented groups
Hawkins, K. W., & Stewart, R. A. (1991) · Southern Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/10417949109372846 · Cited by 21
Apprehension about communicating with supervisors: A test of a theoretical relationship between types of communication apprehension
McCroskey, J. C., RICHMOND, V. P., & Davis, L. M. (1986) · Western Journal of Speech Communication · doi:10.1080/10570318609374223 · Cited by 21
AN EMPIRICAL APPRAISAL OF THE PRCA FOR MEASURING ORAL COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
Porter, D. T. (1981) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1981.tb00656.x · Cited by 21
Communication apprehension in Japan: Grade school through secondary school
Keaten, J. A., Kelly, L., & Pribyl, C. B. (1997) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/s0147-1767(97)00004-7 · Cited by 21
Communicator style perceptions as a function of communication apprehension
Porter, D. T. (1982) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463378209369455 · Cited by 21
The Cross-Situational Consistency of Communicative Behaviors
Hewes, D. E., & Haight, L. (1979) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365027900600301 · Cited by 21
Communication Apprehension Among Business and Accounting Students in Ireland
Byrne, M., Flood, B., & Shanahan, D. (2009) · Accounting Finance & Governance Review/Accounting finance & governance review · doi:10.52399/001c.26996 · Cited by 19
Using Rasch Analysis to Create and Evaluate a Measurement Instrument for Foreign Language Classroom Speaking Anxiety
Apple, M. T. (2013) · JALT Journal · doi:10.37546/jaltjj35.1-1 · Cited by 19
“Items that measured participants’ speaking anxiety in different communicative situations in the foreign language classroom (Items 2, 4, 6, 8, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20) were based on items from the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-20; McCroskey, 1977, 1978).”
Social Anxiety and Performance in an Interpersonal Perception Task
Schroeder, J. E., & Ketrow, S. M. (1997) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3.991 · Cited by 19
Instructional Communication Theory and Research: An Overview of Classroom Interaction
Daly, J. A., & Korinek, J. T. (1980) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.1980.11923822 · Cited by 19
Usability and Utility of a Computerized Cognitive-Behavioral Self-Help Program for Public Speaking Anxiety
Anderson, P., Zimand, E., Schmertz, S. K., & Ferrer, M. (2007) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.02.006 · Cited by 30
Communication Apprehension About Death, Religious Group Affiliation, and Religiosity: Predictors of Organ and Body Donation Decisions
Carmack, H. J., & DeGroot, J. M. (2020) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222818793294 · Cited by 23
“Communication apprehension focuses on the anxiety or fear associated with communication, while communication willingness focuses on communication initiation (McCroskey, 1978).”
Background
The relationship between self‐report measures of communication apprehension and trained observers' ratings of communication competence
Carrell, L. J., & Willmington, S. C. (1998) · Communication Reports · doi:10.1080/08934219809367688 · Cited by 18
Rhetoritherapy vs. behavior therapy: Issues and evidence
Page, W. T. (1980) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634528009378400 · Cited by 18
Communication Apprehension and Willingness to Communicate in Veterinary Medicine Students: Implications for Mindfulness and Communication Training
Sweet, D. M., Gentile, D. A., & He, L. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1930881 · Cited by 17
“Personal report of communication apprehension (PRCA-24) The PRCA-24 (McCroskey, 1978; Cronbach’s α = 0.93) was designed to measure trait-like communication apprehension and it uses a 1–5 Likert scale (1 = Strongly Agree and 5 = Strongly Disagree) and asks people to rate the degree to which they…”
MethodInfluential
Development and Validation of the Communication Apprehension About Death Scale
Carmack, H. J., & DeGroot, J. M. (2016) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222815598440 · Cited by 17
“…& Knutson, 1979; Jordan & Powers, 2007; McCroskey & Sheahan, 1978), public speaking (Beatty & Andriate, 1985; Beatty, Forst, & Stewart, 1986; McCroskey, 1978; Robinson, 1997), religion (Wrench, Corrigan, McCroskey, & Punyanunt-Carter, 2006), interpersonal communication (McCroskey, 1976;…”
Cognitive processes as mediators of the relation between mindfulness and change in social anxiety symptoms following cognitive behavioral treatment
Morgan, J. R., Price, M., Schmertz, S. K., Johnson, S. B., Masuda, A., Calamaras, M. R., & Anderson, P. L. (2013) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.839988 · Cited by 17
“The scoring algorithm utilized to compute the PRCA total score prevents valid measurement of its internal consistency; however, 5-week test–retest reliability was good (r = .74) (McCroskey, 1978).”
Method
Using Digital Video Technology to Reduce Communication Apprehension in Business Education
Leeds, E. M., & Maurer, R. A. (2009) · INFORMS Transactions on Education · doi:10.1287/ited.1090.0023 · Cited by 17
“The PRCA-24 predicted behaviors that are theoretically consistent with the constructs of oral CA (McCroskey 1978).”
Method
A Factor Analytic Study of the Items in the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension
Pearson, J. C. (1979) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.491 · Cited by 16
A test of communication‐orientation motivation (COM) therapy
Ayres, J., Hopf, T., & Peterson, E. (2000) · Communication Reports · doi:10.1080/08934210009367721 · Cited by 16
Association of Culture with Shyness among Japanese and American University Students
Sakuragi, T. (2004) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.98.3.803-813 · Cited by 16
The Big Five personality traits and foreign language speaking confidence among Japanese EFL students
Apple, M. T. (2011) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 16
Oral Communication Apprehension Among Undergraduate Engineering Students in Pakistan
Dar, M. F., & Khan, I. (2014) · Journal of Education & Social Sciences · Cited by 15
Library anxiety among non-native speakers of English
Sinnasamy, J., & Karim, N. H. A. (2015) · Information Development · doi:10.1177/0266666915617520 · Cited by 15
“Even when students have mastered the rules of English, using the language poses a challenge when it changes from being a subject of study to a tool of communication (McCroskey, 1978).”
Background
Testing a refinement in an intervention for communication apprehension
Ayres, J., Heuett, B. L., & Sonandré, D. A. (1998) · Communication Reports · doi:10.1080/08934219809367687 · Cited by 15
The perceptual world of the communication apprehensive: The effect of communication apprehension and interpersonal gaze on interpersonal perception
Andersen, P. A., & Coussoule, A. R. (1980) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463378009369357 · Cited by 15
A meta‐analysis of the cross‐situational consistency of communication apprehension
Booth‐Butterfield, S. (1988) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824098809359802 · Cited by 15
Gender-dependent language anxiety in Polish communication apprehensives
Piechurska-Kuciel, E. (2012) · Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.14746/ssllt.2012.2.2.6 · Cited by 14
Trait anxiety, experience, and the public speaking state responses of Finnish university students
Porhölä, M. (1997) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824099709388680 · Cited by 14
Beginning Filipino students attributions about oral communication anxiety
Villar, C. P. D. (2010) · doi:10.5897/jmcs.9000013 · Cited by 14
Arousal Styles during Public Speaking
Porhölä, M. (2002) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634520216527 · Cited by 14
“…scale is based on Sallinen’s Communication Reticence Scale (see Sallinen-Kuparinen, 1986), which, in turn, is directly influenced by the various forms of McCroskey’s PRCA (see McCroskey, 1970; 1978; 1982), by Burgoon’s UCS (Burgoon, 1976), as well as by the Shyness Scale of Cheek and Buss (1984).”
Method
Writing Apprehension Among Accounting Seniors
Marshall, L. L., & Varnon, A. W. (2009) · The Accounting educators' journal · Cited by 14
Silencing Political Opinions: An Assessment of the Influence of Geopolitical Contexts in Colombia
Abril, E. P., & Rojas, H. (2015) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650215616455 · Cited by 14
“Individual-level variables that have been associated with expression inhibition include a general communication apprehension (McCroskey, 1978; Neuwirth et al., 2007; Willnat et al., 2002), shyness (Hayes et al., 2005b), low knowledge of a subject (Salmon & Neuwirth, 1990), low certainty of being…”
Background
Communication Apprehension in Accounting Majors: Synthesis of Relevant Studies, Intervention Techniques, and Directions for Future Research
Simons, K. A., & Riley, T. J. (2014) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1085-462220140000015001 · Cited by 15
Communication Apprehension: An Assessment of Australian and United States Data
Hansford, B., & Hattie, J. (1982) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662168200600209 · Cited by 14
“001) for all samples, hence confirming McCroskey’s (1970) original contention that only significantly contributing items were retained in the final version”
Result
Communication apprehension and vocal stress as indices of deception
O’Hair, D., Cody, M. J., & Behnke, R. R. (1985) · Western Journal of Speech Communication · doi:10.1080/10570318509374203 · Cited by 14
Communication apprehension and student dating patterns: A replication and extension
Parks, M. R., Dindia, K., Adams, J., Ray, E. B., & Larson, K. (1980) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463378009369361 · Cited by 14
MULTIPLE-ACT CRITERIA IN THE VALIDATION OF COMMUNICATION TRAITS: WHAT DO WE GAIN AND WHAT DO WE LOSE?
Hewes, D. E., & Haight, L. (1980) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1980.tb00156.x · Cited by 14
Communication Apprehension in the Workplace: Focusing on Inclusion
Cardon, P. W., Okoro, E. A., Priest, R., & Patton, G. (2022) · Business and Professional Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/23294906221129599 · Cited by 13
“McCroskey (1972, 1977, 1978, 1984) and his colleagues (McCroskey et al., 1985; McCroskey et al., 1989; McCroskey & Richmond, 1982) have pioneered work in this area.”
Background
Brazilian version of the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension: Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation among healthcare students
de Araújo, D. C. S. A., Pereira, S. N., dos Santos, W. M., Menezes, P. W. D. S., Rocha, K. S. S., Cerqueira‐Santos, S., Faro, A., Mesquita, A. R., & de Lyra, D. P. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246075 · Cited by 13
“Lower and higher scores are indicative of lower and higher levels of communication apprehension, respectively [36] (S1 Appendix).”
Background
The influence of parent and peer modeling on the development of communication apprehension in elementary school children
Hutchinson, K. L., & Neuliep, J. W. (1993) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463379309369864 · Cited by 13
Motivation to Communicate: A Critical Review With Suggested Alternatives
Zorn, T. E. (1993) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.1993.11678867 · Cited by 13
Communication Apprehension
Beatty, M. J., & Pascual‐Ferrá, P. (2015) · The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication · doi:10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic099 · Cited by 13
Correlates between communication apprehension and listening style preferences
Sargent, S. L., Weaver, J. B., & Kiewitz, C. (1997) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824099709388647 · Cited by 12
What you feel is what you might get: Exploring communication apprehension and sexual communication satisfaction
Wheeless, L. R., & Parsons, L. A. (1995) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824099509362037 · Cited by 12

Authors: McCroskey, J. C.
Affiliations: West Virginia University (US)
Corresponding author: McCroskey, James C.
Venue: Communication Monographs
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1978-08
Volume: 45
Issue: 3
Pages: 192-203
ISSN: 0363-7751 (ISSN-L)
1479-5787
DOI: 10.1080/03637757809375965
OpenAlex: W2006089454
Cited by: 371
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 25.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Communication Monographs (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: oral communication apprehension, speaking anxiety, psychometric validity, reliability statistics, anxiety assessment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Validity of the PRCA as an index of oral communication apprehension

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks