AN ASSESSMENT OF THE LONG-TERM STABILITIES OF CYANEX302 AND CYANEX301 IN SULFURIC AND NITRIC ACIDS
Abstract
Cyanex 302 and Cyanex 301 are recently available solvent-extraction reagents, the major components of which are the mono- and dithiosubstituted analogs of bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid, respectively. Sulfur substitution in the phosphinic acid increases the acidity of the extractants, and makes them particularly suited to the extraction of soft Lewis acids. Sulfur-containing dialkylphosphoric-acid extractants previously developed, however, are known to be very susceptible to oxidation and decomposition. To evaluate the extents of reagent decomposition which could reasonably be expected under normal plant operating conditions, this study examines the hydrolytic, chemical and thermal stabilities of Cyanex 302 and Cyanex 301 when subjected to extreme experimental conditions and prolonged periods of exposure to sulfuric and nitric acids. It is observed that concentrated sulfuric acid has no long-term detrimental effect on either of these reagents, but that the strongly oxidizing nature of nitric acid causes rapid destruction of the reagents, even at low acid strengths and for short periods of time.
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Dialkylphosphines are preferred over mono- and trialkylphosphines for synthesis because it is not practical to synthesize mono-derivatives (reaction too fast) and difficult to make trialkylphosphines due to steric hindrance.
“Among the three derivatives, namely, mono-, di- and trialkylphosphines, dialkylphosphines are preferred for two main reasons: (i) it may not be practical to synthesize mono-derivatives because the reaction is too fast; (ii) it is di cult to make trialkylphosphines owing to its steric hindrance [9].”
From Review on the Comparison of the Chemical Reactivity of Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 for Their Application to Metal Separation from Acid Media (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
The degradation of Cyanex 301/302 insignificantly occurs after prolonged contact with concentrated H2SO4 at an elevated temperature.
“ThedegradationofCyanex301 / 302 insignificantly occurs after prolonged contact with concentrated H2SO4 at an elevated temperature [9].”
From Review on the Comparison of the Chemical Reactivity of Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 for Their Application to Metal Separation from Acid Media (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
The rapid destruction of Cyanex 301/302 is caused by the strongly oxidizing nature of nitric acid even at low acid strengths and for short periods of time.
“By contrast, the rapid destruction of these extractants is caused by the strongly oxidizing nature of nitric acid even at low acid strengths and for short periods of time.”
From Review on the Comparison of the Chemical Reactivity of Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 for Their Application to Metal Separation from Acid Media (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
Nitrate ion has a strong oxidizing nature.
“Due to the strong oxidizing nature of the nitrate ion, a solvent extraction with these extractants from a nitric acid medium is not recommended for the extraction of metal ions [9].”
From Review on the Comparison of the Chemical Reactivity of Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 for Their Application to Metal Separation from Acid Media (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
Cites
Solvent extraction characteristics of thiosubstituted organophosphinic acid extractants
Sole, K. C., & Hiskey, J. B. (1992) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/0304-386x(92)90093-f · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationThe selective recovery of zinc with new thiophosphinic acids
RICKELTON, W. A., & BOYLE, R. J. (1990) · Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange · doi:10.1080/07366299008918030 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Solvent Extraction with Organophosphines—Commercial & Potential Applications—
Rickelton, W. A., & Boyle, R. J. (1988) · Separation Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/01496398808075627 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Tait, B. K. (1992) · Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange · doi:10.1080/07366299208918136 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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Solvent extraction of copper by Cyanex 272, Cyanex 302 and Cyanex 301
Sole, K. C., & Hiskey, J. B. (1995) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/0304-386x(94)00023-v · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationSOLVENT EXTRACTION OF SILVER BY CYANEX 272, CYANEX 302 AND CYANEX 30
Sole, K. C., Ferguson, T. L., & Hiskey, J. B. (1994) · Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange · doi:10.1080/07366299408918252 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationNguyen, V. N. H., Nguyen, T. H., & Lee, M. S. (2020) · Metals · doi:10.3390/met10081105 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Singh, R., Kliwaja, A. R., Gupta, B., & Tandon, S. N. (1999) · Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange · doi:10.1080/07366299908934618 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Removal of Heavy Metals and Lanthanides from Industrial Phosphoric Acid Process Liquors
KOOPMAN, C., WITKAMP, G. J., & VAN ROSMALEN, G. M. (1999) · Separation Science and Technology · doi:10.1081/ss-100100818 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Menoyo, B., Elizalde, M. P., & Almela, A. (2002) · Analytical Sciences · doi:10.2116/analsci.18.799 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Fleitlikh, I. Y., Grigorieva, N. A., & Logutenko, O. A. (2018) · Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange · doi:10.1080/07366299.2017.1411034 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sole, K. C., Brent Hiskey, J., & Ferguson, T. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- a Copper Research Center , University of Arizona , 4717 E. Fort Lowell Road, Tucson, AZ, 85712, U.S.A.
- ORCID
- Sole, Kathryn C.
- Venue
- Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1993-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 783-796
- ISSN
- 0736-6299 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-2262
- OpenAlex
- W2017043200
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Radioactive element chemistry and processing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Chemical Synthesis and Characterization
- Keywords
- Cyanex 302, Cyanex 301, solvent extraction reagents, bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid, reagent stability, thermal stability, hydrolytic stability, oxidation, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, long-term storage
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