The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SHORT FORM INVENTORY TO ASSESS GRIEF IN CAREGIVERS OF DEMENTIA PATIENTS
Abstract
This article describes the derivation of a short-form of the Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory (MM-CGI), an inventory designed to measure grief in caregivers of persons with progressive dementia. It presents initial reliability and validity data and describes ways to use the inventory both clinically and scientifically. The resulting MM-CGI Short Form, presented here in its entirety, is comprised of 18 items and, like its full-form relative, is self-scoring and yields a Total Grief score and sub-scale scores measuring factors representing Personal Sacrifice Burden, Heartfelt Sadness and Longing, and Worry and Felt Isolation.
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“The average anticipatory grief score was 80.9 (SD 14.9), which is higher than reported in other studies of ADRD caregivers (Fowler et al., 2013; Marwit & Meuser, 2005).”
From Feasibility and acceptability of a telephone-based ACT intervention for caregivers (TACTICs) of adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD): a randomized pilot during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2025) · cites this paper as Marwit & Meuser, 2005
Citations
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The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules
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Robinson, B. C. (1983) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/38.3.344 · Cited by 1,426 · cited 6×
“For example, the Caregiver Strain Index is more highly correlated with Factor 1 (Personal Sacrifice Burden) than with Factors 2 or 3, as expected; and Perceived Social Support-Family Questionnaire is more highly correlated with Factor 3 (Worry and Felt Isolation) than with factors 1 or 2, again as expected.”
MethodInfluentialLong-term caregiving: What happens when it ends?
Robinson-Whelen, S., Tada, Y., MacCallum, R. C., McGuire, L., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.4.573 · Cited by 160
The Bereaved Caregiver: A Prospective Study of Changes in Well-Being
Mullan, J. T. (1992) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/32.5.673 · Cited by 95 · cited 3×
“…that pre-death grief, experienced while care-providing, can have major impact on one’s present life (e.g., mood, physical health, productivity, and social relations) and may even affect post-death bereavement and grief resolution (Bass et al., 1991; Mullan, 1992; Robinson-Whelan et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–114 of 114
Emotions in spouse caregiving: a study based on written stories
Autio, T., Rissanen, S., & Hämäläinen, J. E. A. (2025) · International Journal of Social Pedagogy · doi:10.14324/111.444.ijsp.2025.v14.x.005 · Cited by 2
“Marwit and Meuser (2005) have spoken of ‘minor deaths’ (p. 192) in reference to the decline of the cognitive abilities of patients with memory disorders and their social death before the final deterioration of their physical capabilities.”
Trucco, A. P., Khondoker, M. R., Kishita, N., Backhouse, T., Meuser, T. M., & Mioshi, E. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251328490 · Cited by 1
“The Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory-Short Form (MMCGI-SF; Marwit and Meuser, 2005) was employed to measure the grief experience in carers.”
Self-citationWu, T.-Y., Pi, S.-H., Li, P.-Y., Lai, Y., Li, C.-C., & Fang, C.-K. (2025) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951524001706 · Cited by 1
“For instance, the BRAT has 40 items, and the MMCGI has 50 items.”
InfluentialPromoting preparedness and reducing pre-death grief
Durepos, P. (2020) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610220000563 · Cited by 1
“Family caregivers have reported experiencing a prolonged mourning which can make the intensity of emotions at end-of-life unexpected (Durepos et al., 2020 submitted for review; Marwit and Meuser, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodSaito, M., Tadaka, E., & Arimoto, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222235 · Cited by 1
“Moreover, scales evaluating caregiver burden [21], caregiver grief [22], and caregiver quality of life [23] also exist, but these scales are generalized to caregivers of any sort of older adult individual.”
BackgroundReami, G., Ramos, A., Querido, A., Dixe, M. D. A., & Laranjeira, C. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14203435
“VI—Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory —Short Form (MM-CGI-SF) [44] using the Portuguese version validated by Areia, Major, and Relvas [45].”
Exploring Anticipatory Grief and Coping in Families of Critically Ill Patients
Wonderly, K., & Zimmerman, R. S. (2026) · Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1097/dcc.0000000000000779
Sae-Lim, A., Wongrathanandha, C., Kittichai, T., & Chaithanasarn, A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0343917
“The MM-CGI-SF improves feasibility but shows limited validation among cancer caregiver populations [15].”
Philipp, R., Walbaum, C., Bokemeyer, C., Dinger, U., Härter, M. C., Hemsen, B., Holsteg, S., Karger, A., Koch, U., Kriston, L., et al. (2026) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-026-09744-x
“…are assessed using reliable and valid self-report questionnaires: Anticipatory grief (Marwit–Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory, MM-CGI-SF, [78]), caregiver guilt (Caregiver Guilt Questionnaire, CGQ, [79]), complicated grief after the patient’s death (Inventory of Complicated Grief, ICG,…”
Patient-reported outcome measures for anticipatory grief: a systematic review
Wang, S., Gu, W., Zhang, L., Liu, W., Tao, Z., Cheng, Y., Liu, W., Zhao, X., Tu, W., & Gao, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1709822
Davodi, S. R., Nia, H. S., Banazadeh, B., Zadeh, S. F., Rezaeian, M., Zadeh, A. M., Kamali, A., Armat, M. R., & Hejazi, S. S. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-06266-0 · Cited by 1
“Higher scores may indicate a need for formal intervention or supportive assistance, whereas lower scores may suggest denial or minimization of distress [24].”
Tsigkou, E., Tsironi, K. A., Παπαντωνίου, Γ., Sofologi, M., Kougioumtzis, G. Α., Katsouri, I.-G., Μoraitou, D., & Tsolaki, M. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020219
“The MM-CGI was created by Marwit and Meuser in 2002 (Marwit & Meuser, 2002) in order to measure the reactions of grief of the family caregivers of patients with dementia, both spouses and offsprings.”
InfluentialWaddington, C., Harding, E., Brotherhood, E., Davies‐Abbott, I., Barker, S., Camic, P. M., Ezeofor, V. ‘., Gardner, H. E., Grillo, A., Hardy, C. J. D., et al. (2021) · doi:10.2196/preprints.35376
Deaton, M. (2018) · doi:10.13023/etd.2018.179
“The original purpose of these subgroups was to identify different aspects of a caregiver’s mental distress so that any specific problems might be better treated (Meuser & Marwit, 2001, 2002, 2005).”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- MARWIT, S. J., & MEUSER, T. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri–St. Louis (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- MEUSER, THOMAS M.
- ORCID
- MEUSER, THOMAS M.
- Venue
- Death Studies
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2005-03-16
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 191-205
- ISSN
- 0748-1187 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-7683
- OpenAlex
- W2024033240
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Death Studies (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- caregiver grief, dementia caregivers, grief measurement, instrument development, reliability and validity
- MeSH terms
- Dementia, Grief, Health Status, Humans, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Support, Reproducibility of Results, Caregivers, Cost of Illness
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