Cited by 130Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthPalliative Care and End-of-Life IssuesDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

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DEVELOPMENT OF A SHORT FORM INVENTORY TO ASSESS GRIEF IN CAREGIVERS OF DEMENTIA PATIENTS

MARWIT, SAMUEL J., MEUSER, THOMAS M.·2005·Death Studies

DOI 10.1080/07481180590916335

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Abstract

This article describes the derivation of a short-form of the Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory (MM-CGI), an inventory designed to measure grief in caregivers of persons with progressive dementia. It presents initial reliability and validity data and describes ways to use the inventory both clinically and scientifically. The resulting MM-CGI Short Form, presented here in its entirety, is comprised of 18 items and, like its full-form relative, is self-scoring and yields a Total Grief score and sub-scale scores measuring factors representing Personal Sacrifice Burden, Heartfelt Sadness and Longing, and Worry and Felt Isolation.

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Method
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Background
Predeath Grief, Resourcefulness, and Perceived Stress Among Caregivers of Partners With Young-Onset Dementia
Kobiske, K. R., Bekhet, A. K., Garnier‐Villarreal, M., & Frenn, M. (2018) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945918806689 · Cited by 18
Welcoming Death: Exploring Pre-Death Grief Experiences of Caregivers of Older Adults with Dementia
Hovland, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care · doi:10.1080/15524256.2018.1508538 · Cited by 16
“…are a reaction to perceived losses throughout the caregiving process and in anticipation of the death (Adams & Sanders, 2004; Doka, 2010; Fasse, Sultan, Flahault, Mackinnon, Dolbeault, & Bredart, 2014; Kim, Lucette & Loscalzo, 2013; Marwit & Meuser, 2002; 2005; Moon, 2015; Schultz et al., 2003).”
Background
Patient‐ and proxy‐reported quality of life in advanced dementia with Lewy bodies
Armstrong, M. J., LaBarre, B., Sovich, K., Maixner, S. M., Paulson, H., Manning, C. A., Fields, J., Lunde, A., Forsberg, L., Boeve, B., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13745 · Cited by 15
Caregiver Experiences and Burden in Moderate-Advanced Dementia With Lewy Bodies.
Armstrong, M. J., Dai, Y.-F., Sovich, K., LaBarre, B., Paulson, H., Maixner, S. M., Fields, J., Lunde, A., Forsberg, L., Boeve, B., et al. (2024) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000200292 · Cited by 14
Caregiving and Traumatic Brain Injury: Coping with Grief and Loss.
Petersen, H., & Sanders, S. (2015) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/hlv063 · Cited by 14
Caregiving appraisal in family caregivers of older adults: A review study
Farhadi, A., Foroughan, M., Mohammadi, F., Rassouli, M., Sadeghmoghadam, L., Nazari, S., & Sadeghi, N. (2016) · doi:10.21859/sija-110108 · Cited by 14
Practical and emotional preparation for death: A mixed methods study investigating experiences of family carers of people with dementia
Fisher, E., Crawley, S., Sampson, E. L., Cooper, C., Jones, R., Anantapong, K., & Moore, K. J. (2022) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/14713012211066674 · Cited by 17
“…depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]; Zigmond & Snaith, 1983), grief (Marwit–Meuser Carer Grief Inventory [MMCGI] – short version; Marwit & Meuser, 2005), dementia knowledge (Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale [DKAS]; Annear et al., 2017), dementia severity (Clinical Dementia…”
Background
Development and validation of a simple screening tool for caregiver grief in dementia caregiving
Liew, T., Tai, B., Yap, P., & Koh, G. (2019) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1070-x · Cited by 13
Evaluating anticipatory grief as a moderator of life and marital satisfaction for spousal caregivers of individuals with dementia
Pote, S. C., & Wright, S. L. (2018) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2018.1438085 · Cited by 16
“The Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory – Short Form (MMCGI-SF) was used to measure anticipatory grief and has been found to have excellent reliability (α = 0.92; Marwit & Meuser, 2005).”
MethodInfluential
The Longitudinal Effects of Caregiver Grief in Dementia and the Modifying Effects of Social Services: A Prospective Cohort Study
Liew, T. M., Tai, B. C., Wee, S. L., Koh, G. C., & Yap, P. (2020) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16717 · Cited by 12
The three dimensions of caregiver grief in dementia caregiving: Validity and utility of the subscales of the Marwit‐Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory
Chan, I., Yap, P. L. K., Wee, S. L., & Liew, T. M. (2019) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5238 · Cited by 15
Effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving grief and depression in caregivers of people with dementia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Sánchez‐Alcón, M., Sánchez‐Ramos, J. L., Garrido‐Fernández, A., Sosa‐Cordobés, E., Ortega‐Galán, Á. M., & Ramos‐Pichardo, J. D. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13142 · Cited by 12
Factors affecting anticipatory grief of family carers supporting people living with Motor Neurone disease: the impact of disease symptomatology
Trucco, A. P., Khondoker, M. R., Kishita, N., Backhouse, T., Copsey, H., & Mioshi, E. (2024) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2024.2359559 · Cited by 8
Relationship between Depressive Symptoms, Caregiver Strain, and Social Support with Dementia Grief in Family Caregivers
Sánchez-Alcón, M., Garrido-Fernández, A., Cano-Rojas, J. M., Sánchez-Ramos, J., & Ramos-Pichardo, J. D. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60040643 · Cited by 10
“The Marwit–Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory-Short Form [18] is a tool used to measure dementia grief in caregivers of people with dementia.”
Method
A pilot randomized study of a telephone-based cognitive-behavioral stress-management intervention to reduce distress in phase 1 oncology trial caregivers
Carr, A. L., Bilenduke, E., Adolf, E., Kessler, E. R., Arch, J. J., Ranby, K. W., & Kilbourn, K. M. (2023) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951523000196 · Cited by 12
“The Marwit–Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory (CGI) Short Form consisted of 18 items, and the total score and subscale scores measured factors of personal sacrifice burden, heartfelt sadness and longing, and worry and felt isolation (Marwit and Meuser 2005).”
Effects of a compassion-based program on the grief experienced by caregivers of people suffering from dementia: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Jahani, L., Abolhassani, S., Babaee, S., & Omranifard, V. (2022) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-022-00980-5 · Cited by 17
“Finally, according to the sum of the scores obtained from the three fields, the general level of grief is obtained, which varies from a score of 1 to 90 and a score of 57 is the average level of grief experience and a standard deviation higher than that indicates a high level of grief experience and a standard deviati…”
Background
The Tele‐STELLA protocol: Telehealth‐based support for families living with later‐stage Alzheimer's disease
Lindauer, A., Messecar, D., McKenzie, G. L., Gibson, A., Wharton, W., Bianchi, A. A., Tarter, R. R., Tadesse, R. T., Boardman, C., Golonka, O., et al. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14980 · Cited by 13
Theoretical and philosophical assumptions behind the concept of anticipatory grief.
Allard, É., Genest, C., & Legault, A. (2020) · International Journal of Palliative Nursing · doi:10.12968/ijpn.2020.26.2.56 · Cited by 10
Respite Utilization and Responses to Loss Among Family Caregivers: Relationship Matters
DeCaporale-Ryan, L. N., Mensie, L. C., & Steffen, A. M. (2013) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2012.654593 · Cited by 10
“The Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory—Short Form (MM-CGI-SF; Marwit & Meuser, 2005) consists of three distinct subscales (Personal Sacrifice and Burden, Heartfelt Sadness and Longing, and Worry and Felt Isolation) and is based on a 5-point Likert-type scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Protocol for an observational cohort study identifying factors predicting accurately end of life in dementia with Lewy bodies and promoting quality end-of-life experiences: the PACE-DLB study
Armstrong, M., Paulson, H., Maixner, S. M., Fields, J., Lunde, A., Boeve, B., Manning, C., Galvin, J., Taylor, A. S., & Li, Z. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047554 · Cited by 9
A Comparative Study of Anticipatory Grief in Caregivers of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease and Hematological Malignancy
Türk, U., Aydemır, M. Ç., Ozel-Kizil, E. T., & Bozdağ, S. C. (2025) · Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaclp.2025.04.003 · Cited by 9
Duelo anticipado en familiares de personas con demencia. Variables psicosociales asociadas y su impacto sobre la salud del cuidador. Una revisión de literatura
Bermejo-Gómez, I., Gallego‐Alberto, L., Losada‐Baltar, A., Mérida-Herrera, L., García‐Batalloso, I., & Márquez‐González, M. (2023) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2023.05.001 · Cited by 7
Exploratory factor analysis of the caregiver grief inventory in a large UK sample of dementia carers
Gilsenan, J., Gorman, C., & Shevlin, M. E. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1839856 · Cited by 8
Content and Face Validity of the Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory (Short Form) in African American Caregivers
McLennon, S. M., Bakas, T., Habermann, B., & Meuser, T. M. (2013) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.766657 · Cited by 9
“…alpha scores, in spite of the relatively small sample size there was strong evidence for reliability of the MMCGI-SF total scale (0.92) and subscale scores (PSB¼ 0.87, HSL¼ 0.83, WFI¼ 0.74) in this group of AA caregivers, which was similar to others (Marwit and Meuser, 2005; Marwit and Kaye, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
ANTICIPATORY GRIEF IN THE CONTEXT OF DEMENTIA CAREGIVING
Holley, C. K. (2009) · doi:10.18297/etd/625 · Cited by 8
Usefulness and acceptability of an animation to raise awareness to grief experienced by carers of individuals with dementia
Scher, C. J., Crawley, S., Cooper, C., Sampson, E. L., & Moore, K. J. (2021) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/14713012211041259 · Cited by 8
“We classified the 150 participants from those with the highest to the lowest grief scores on the Marwit– Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory (Marwit & Meuser, 2005).”
BackgroundResult
Perceived Grief Among Caregivers of Patients With Dementia in China
Li, J., Li, Y., & Li, P. (2019) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/1054773819839265 · Cited by 8
“The EFA resulted in a three-factor model that was the same as the original scale (personal sacrifice burden, heartfelt longing and sadness, worry and perceived isolation) established by Marwit and Meuser (2005), and the three factors accounted for an acceptable grief variance of 51.314%.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
The Man I Once Knew
Saban, K. L., Mathews, H. L., Collins, E. G., Hogan, N. S., Tell, D., Bryant, F. B., Pape, T., Griffin, J. M., & Janusek, L. W. (2015) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800414568661 · Cited by 8
“Grief, although traditionally conceptualized as a bereavement-related reaction, it is also experienced by significant others in response to profound cognitive changes in their loved ones (Calvete & de Arroyabe, 2012; Marwit & Meuser, 2005).”
Background
Anticipatory Grief Among Close Relatives of Patients with ALS and MS
Grimby, A. (2015) · Psychology and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.pbs.20150403.16 · Cited by 6
Longing: A Concept Analysis
Pehler, S., Sjostrom, S., & Markwardt, M. (2014) · International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications · doi:10.1111/2047-3095.12022 · Cited by 7
“Whether it is due to Alzheimer’s (Marwit & Meuser, 2005), abandonment (Edmands & Marcellino-Boisvert, 2002), or being forced to move to a new country (Svenberg et al., 2009), the uncertainty of the status of the relationship with that person or family left behind becomes very difﬁcult for the remaining family members…”
Influential
Psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the MM‐CGI‐SF in caregivers of people with dementia
Sánchez-Alcón, M., Sosa-Cordobés, E., Garrido-Fernández, A., Sánchez-Ramos, J., & Ramos-Pichardo, J. D. (2023) · Journal of The American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.18623 · Cited by 6
“This grief called “ caregiver grief ” 2,3 is caused by several factors: by the prolonged time of care, the uncertainty of the illness, the disrupted communication between care-giver and patient; and by the continued losses from the illness.”
Background
The Development of Videoconference-Based Support for People Living With Rare Dementias and Their Carers: Protocol for a 3-Phase Support Group Evaluation
Waddington, C., Harding, E., Brotherhood, E., Davies‐Abbott, I., Barker, S., Camic, P. M., Ezeofor, V. ‘., Gardner, H. E., Grillo, A., Hardy, C. J. D., et al. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/35376 · Cited by 8
“Predeath grief can include feelings of loss resulting from ongoing changes in roles, relationships, and identities [43,44] and may be of particular concern for individuals affected by YOD because of changes in areas such as employment, finances, and child support [17].”
Background
Family Caregiver’s Anticipatory Grief—Clinical Interview: Psychometric Characteristics and Scoring Pattern
Coelho, A., Roberto, M. S., Barros, L., & Barbosa, A. (2020) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/1054137320923383 · Cited by 6
“This phenomenon, designated as anticipatory grief (AG), is a complex and multidimensional construct (Cheng et al., 2019; Marwit & Meuser, 2005; Rando, 1986; Siegel & Weinstein, 1983).”
BackgroundResult
Pre-death grief among family caregivers of individuals living with cognitive impairment and dementia: a comprehensive review of theory, research, clinical assessment, and psychotherapy
Manevich, A. (2025) · Mortality · doi:10.1080/13576275.2025.2561691 · Cited by 3
“Based on the original version, a shorter version with 18 items (Marwit & Meuser, 2005) and even a 6-item version (Liew & Yap, 2020) have been developed.”
Assessing Grief in Family Caregivers of Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder or Substance Use Disorder using the Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory Short Form (MM-CGI-SF)
Priddis, D., & Asbury, M. B. (2020) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/1178221820972711 · Cited by 5
Validation of a Spanish Version of the Marwit–Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory Short Form in a Puerto Rican Sample
Alvelo, J., Cancio-Gonzalez, R. E., & Collazo, A. A. (2016) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731516656801 · Cited by 7
“The short form of this instrument evolved from further statistical analyses of the data used to develop the original 50-item version (Marwit & Meuser, 2005; Meuser et al., 2004).”
MethodResult
Feasibility and acceptability of a telephone-based ACT intervention for caregivers (TACTICs) of adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD): a randomized pilot during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Hockemeyer, N. G., Johns, S. A., Judge, K. S., Baucco, C., Gowan, T., Slaven, J. E., & Fowler, N. R. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2453823 · Cited by 4
“The average anticipatory grief score was 80.9 (SD 14.9), which is higher than reported in other studies of ADRD caregivers (Fowler et al. 2013; Marwit & Meuser, 2005).”
Influential
Factors associated with grief in family carers of people with dementia in Japan : a systematic review
Morimoto, H., Fukudome, T., Tajima, A., & Noguchi, D. (2025) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.13243 · Cited by 4
Rural Versus Non-Rural Residence and Psychosocial Outcomes Among Caregivers of Patients with Dementia and Related Disorders
Besser, L. M., & Galvin, J. E. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215162 · Cited by 7
Nursing Diagnosis Development of Longing: Content Validation With Nursing Experts
Pehler, S., Markwardt, M., & Hibbard, D. (2015) · International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications · doi:10.1111/2047-3095.12053 · Cited by 4
“Those caring for a family member diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, for example, often experience a disconnection or detachment from the person with the disease (Johansson, Sundh, Wijk, & Grimby, 2013; Marwit & Meuser, 2005).”
‘There’s no straight line…’ a consumer-informed intervention for FTD family care partners: the STELLA-FTD pilot study
Lindauer, A., Smith, S., Gothard, S., Mattek, N., Tran, L., & Mooney, A. R. (2023) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2023.2250741 · Cited by 3
Development of an Anticipatory Grief Scale for Family Caregivers of a Person Dying at Home
Kobayashi, H., Nakaya, T., & Moriyama, M. (2012) · Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science · doi:10.5630/jans.32.4_41 · Cited by 4
Lucid episodes among people with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias and their impact on family caregiver stress and grief (LEAD): protocol for a longitudinal observational study
Griffin, J. M., Bangerter, L. R., Kim, K., Liu, Y., Batthyány, A., Birkeland, R. W., Frangiosa, T. L., Nosheny, R. L., Gaugler, J. E., & Lapid, M. I. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-098182 · Cited by 2
Longing: A Patient and Caregiver Focused Clinical Diagnostic Validity (CDV) Study
Pehler, S. (2016) · International Journal of Nursing Knowledge · doi:10.1111/2047-3095.12157 · Cited by 2
“Those caring for a family member diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, for example, often experience a disconnection or detachment from the person with the disease (Johansson, Sundh, Wijk, & Grimby, 2013; Marwit & Meuser, 2005).”
Background
Delirium and lucid episodes in dementia: Associations with anticipatory grief and caregiver stressors.
Lapid, M. I., Bangerter, L. R., Kim, K., Lindroth, H., Liu, Y., Pagali, S. R., Aranibar, M. A. B., & Griffin, J. M. (2026) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.inpsyc.2026.100220 · Cited by 1
Caregiver experiences after the death of a person with dementia with Lewy bodies: A mixed-methods analysis
Armstrong, M. J., Wollney, E. N., Li, Z., Dai, Y. E., LaBarre, B., Wang, T., Sovich, K., Jury, H. F., Galvin, J. E., Henriquez, A. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251365218 · Cited by 1
“38 For pre-death assessments of the individuals with DLB, the LBCRS measured the breadth of DLB symptoms present, including parkinsonism.”

Authors: MARWIT, S. J., & MEUSER, T. M.
Affiliations: University of Missouri–St. Louis (US)
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author: MEUSER, THOMAS M.
ORCID: MEUSER, THOMAS M.
Venue: Death Studies
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2005-03-16
Volume: 29
Issue: 3
Pages: 191-205
ISSN: 0748-1187 (ISSN-L)
1091-7683
DOI: 10.1080/07481180590916335
OpenAlex: W2024033240
Cited by: 130
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 3.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Death Studies (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords: caregiver grief, dementia caregivers, grief measurement, instrument development, reliability and validity
MeSH terms: Dementia, Grief, Health Status, Humans, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Support, Reproducibility of Results, Caregivers, Cost of Illness

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DEVELOPMENT OF A SHORT FORM INVENTORY TO ASSESS GRIEF IN CAREGIVERS OF DEMENTIA PATIENTS

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