Fathers experiencing a perinatal loss
Abstract
Fifty-one fathers in the New Jersey-Pennsylvania area who experienced a perinatal loss were interviewed in their homes for 1 to 3 hours for the purpose of describing the nature, intensity, and duration of the bereavement experience. The interviews took place 6 months to 2 years after the loss of an infant. Two tools were used to collect the data: an author-developed interview schedule and the Grief Experience Inventory by Catherine Sanders et al. The interview data were analyzed using content analysis. Grief Experience Inventory profiles were computed on each father from the conversion of raw scores to t scores. A t test was used to compare the bereaved-father sample with the published normative sample. The fathers' experiences of perinatal loss were described qualitatively through the organizing categories of pregnancy health, closeness, death event, preventability of death, feelings of sadness and shock, anger, guilt, differences between men and women in grieving, physician and nurse relationships, relationships with extended family members, effect on work performance and on the marital relationship, and duration of the grief. In summary, more fathers described themselves as attached but not as attached as their wives to the baby, they perceived the death as not preventable or had mixed feelings regarding its preventability, their feelings of grief were described as sad but not as overwhelming or intensely debilitating grief, and for the majority the duration of their inten…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many fathers initially described entering a state of shock after losing a baby, sometimes including witnessing birth and seeing or spending time with the baby.
“As losing a baby can sometimes include witnessing birth and seeing or spending time with the baby, many fathers initially described entering a state of shock”
From Fathers’ experiences of perinatal death following miscarriage, stillbirth, and neonatal death: A meta-ethnography (2026) · cites this paper as Bach Hughes & Page-Lieberman, 1989
Cites
Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology.
Shelley, M., & Krippendorff, K. (1984) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288384 · Cited by 24,305 · see citing works
(1969) · Cited by 18,340 · see citing works
Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology
Krippendorff, K. (2019) · doi:10.4135/9781071878781 · Cited by 15,448 · see citing works
Kübler-Ross, E. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 4,937 · see citing works
SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE GRIEF
Lindemann, E. (1944) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.101.2.141 · Cited by 3,214 · see citing works
The Journal of Family Practice
Geyman, J. P. (1997) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926189708251066 · Cited by 3,088 · see citing works
Krippendorff, K. (1980) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
Qualitative research methods in Nursing
Leininger, M. (1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 477 · see citing works
The Mourning Response of Parents to the Death of a Newborn Infant
Kennell, J. H., Slyter, H., & Klaus, M. H. (1970) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197008132830706 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
The Perinatal Grief Scale: Development and initial validation.
Toedter, L. J., Lasker, J. N., & Alhadeff, J. M. (1988) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1988.tb01604.x · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Grief response of parents to neonatal death and parent participation in deciding care
Benfield, D. G., Leib, S. A., & Vollman, J. H. (1978) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.62.2.171 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Three Estimates of Interrater Reliability for Nominal Data
Topf, M. (1986) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-198607000-00020 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Human grief: A model for prediction and intervention.
Bugen, L. A. (1977) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1977.tb00975.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Death of an infant: parental grieving and the failure of social support.
Helmrath, T. A., & Steinitz, E. M. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Engel, G. L. (1964) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.2307/3419426 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
An Exploration of Paternal-Fetal Attachment Behavior
WEAVER, R. H., & CRANLEY, M. S. (1983) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-198303000-00002 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Observations of Paternal Response to Sudden Unanticipated Infant Death
Mandell, F., McAnulty, E. H., & Reece, R. M. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4772-9_4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS IN NURSING
Riesch, S. K. (1986) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/0279-3695-19860401-14 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Observations of Paternal Response to Sudden Unanticipated Infant Death
Mandell, F., McAnulty, E. H., & Reece, R. M. (1980) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.65.2.221 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Toward A Model of Parental Grief
Klass, D., & Marwit, S. J. (1989) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/bvur-67kr-f52f-vw35 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Maternal Attachment and Child Death: On Adjustment, Relationship, and Resolution
Rubin, S. S. (1985) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/43lq-43xj-1g7x-7jqp · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Perinatal Death: The Grieving Mother
Seitz, P. M., & Warrick, L. H. (1974) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.2307/3423207 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
An examination of perinatal death literature: Implications for nursing practice and research
Hutti, M. H. (1984) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399338409515668 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Dysfunctional grieving related to childbearing loss: A descriptive study
Harris, C. C. (1984) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399338409515669 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Grief in Adolescent Mothers After an Infant Death
Schodt, C. M. (1982) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1982.tb01499.x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A grief ignored: narratives of pregnancy loss from a male perspective
McCreight, B. S. (2004) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2004.00393.x · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Psychological aspects of perinatal loss
Badenhorst, W., & Hughes, P. (2007) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.11.004 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Navigating care after a baby dies: a systematic review of parent experiences with health providers
Gold, K. J. (2007) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211676 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The Crisis Support Scale: psychometric qualities and further validation
Elklit, A., Schmidt Pedersen, S., & Jind, L. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00220-8 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Hospital Care for Parents After Perinatal Death
Gold, K. J., Dalton, V. K., & Schwenk, T. L. (2007) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000259317.55726.df · Cited by 139 · see citing works
A Waste of Life: Fathers' Experience of Losing a Child Before Birth
Samuelsson, M., Rådestad, I., & Segesten, K. (2001) · Birth · doi:10.1046/j.1523-536x.2001.00124.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Fathers’ Perspectives During Pregnancy, Postperinatal Loss
O'Leary, J., & Thorwick, C. (2006) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00017.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The psychological effects of stillbirth and neonatal death on fathers: Systematic review
Badenhorst, W., Riches, S., Turton, P., & Hughes, P. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/01674820600870327 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Wing, D. G., Burge-Callaway, K., Rose Clance, P., & Armistead, L. (2001) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.38.1.60 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Psychological impact of stillbirth on fathers in the subsequent pregnancy and puerperium
Turton, P., Badenhorst, W., Hughes, P., Ward, J., Riches, S., & White, S. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.188.2.165 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of the Peer-Reviewed Literature on Self-Blame, Guilt, and Shame
Duncan, C., & Cacciatore, J. (2015) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222815572604 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Parents' perceptions of the miscarriage experience
Hutti, M. H. (1992) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481189208252588 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Kingdon, C., Givens, J. L., O'Donnell, E., & Turner, M. (2015) · Birth · doi:10.1111/birt.12176 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Parental Bereavement over the Life Course: A Theoretical Intersection and Empirical Review
de Vries, B., Lana, R. T. D., & Falck, V. T. (1994) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/xg2g-g77d-27fl-bc0t · Cited by 64 · see citing works
BEREAVEMENT EXPERIENCES AFTER THE DEATH OF A CHILD
Children, E.-O.-L. C. F., Families, T., Field, M. J., & Behrman, R. E. (2003) · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Legitimizing Grief: Challenging Beliefs That Constrain
Moules, N. J. (1998) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/107484079800400203 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
FATHERS' GRIEF AFTER THE DEATH OF A CHILD
Aho, A. L., Tarkka, M., Åstedt-Kurki, P. M., & Kaunonen, M. (2006) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840600643008 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Aho, A. L., Tarkka, M., Åstedt-Kurki, P. M., Sorvari, L., & Kaunonen, M. (2011) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2011.553318 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Becoming a Father to a Stillborn Child
Worth, N. J. (1997) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/105477389700600107 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Fathers' Experience of Social Support After the Death of a Child
Aho, A. L., Tarkka, M., Åstedt-Kurki, P. M., & Kaunonen, M. (2007) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988307302094 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Mothers’ experiences of peer support via an Internet discussion forum after the death of a child
Aho, A. L., Paavilainen, E., & Kaunonen, M. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2011.00929.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Similarities and Differences in Spouses Coping with SIDS
Carroll, R. M., & Shaefer, S. J. M. (1994) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/6d89-bqju-mfxg-jywu · Cited by 32 · see citing works
(1994) · PubMed · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Grief-An Invitation to Inertia: A Narrative Approach to Working with Grief
Moules, N. J., & Amundson, J. K. (1997) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/107484079700300405 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Intentional Parenting of Children Born After a Perinatal Loss
O’Leary, J. M., & Warland, J. (2012) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2011.595297 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Martel, S. L., & Ives-Baine, L. (2014) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.2190/il.22.4.d · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kavanaugh, K. L. (1997) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/tl62-y9md-2u68-bh1t · Cited by 24 · see citing works
McQuay, J. E. (1995) · Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0899-5885(18)30390-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Holding a Place: Parents' Lives Following Removal of Infant Life Support
Armentrout, D. C. (2007) · Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews · doi:10.1053/j.nainr.2006.12.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Loss of Innocence and a Gain in Vulnerability: Subsequent Pregnancy after a Loss
Wheeler, S. R. (2000) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/105413730000800307 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Men and Women and Their Responses in Spousal Bereavement
Quigley, D. G., & Schatz, M. S. (1999) · The Hospice Journal · doi:10.1080/0742-969x.1999.11882921 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ambiguity of Loss, Anticipatory Grief, and Boundary Ambiguity in Caregiver Spouses and Parents
Rider, J. (1993) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
(2007) · The Internet Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.5580/309 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Blocksidge, H., Wittkowski, A., Heazell, A. E. P., & Smith, D. M. (2026) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2452486 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“She realized how we could think of it and be sad at different times (Bach Hughes & Page-Lieberman, 1989, p. 549).”
Williams, H., Jones, L. L., Coomarasamy, A., & Topping, A. E. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035967 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Narratives of fathers' experiences of the stillbirth or neonatal death of their infants
IMAMURA, M. (2012) · Journal of Japan Academy of Midwifery · doi:10.3418/jjam.26.49 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Study of the Grief Process of Fathers Who Lost a Child to Childhood Cancer
Kato, R., & Kageyama, S. (2004) · Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science · doi:10.5630/jans1981.24.4_55 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Examining the Marital Relationship After the Death of a Child
Buchanan, D. (2023) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807221104129 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Carmack, H. J., & DeGroot, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2023.2267428 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Women's Mental States after Spontaneous Abortion (2)
Takenoue, K., SATOH, T., & Matsuyama, T. (2000) · Journal of Japan Academy of Midwifery · doi:10.3418/jjam.14.2_5
A Gender/Ethnic Investigation of Relationship Closeness to the Father and the Experience of Grief
Combs, D. C., & Heger, H. K. (1996) · The Journal of Men s Studies · doi:10.1177/106082659600400402
Perinatal Loss: An Exposure Based Approach to Alleviating Feelings of Grief in Bereaved Parents
Rosa, M. L. (1996) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University)
Martel, S. L. (2014) · YorkSpace (York University)
Guilt, shame, and grief: an empirical study of perinatal bereavement
BARR, P. A. (2003) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University)
Parental Grief Responses to Perinatal Loss
Peacock, L. (1998) · ScholarWorks - GVSU (Grand Valley State University)
- Authors
- Hughes, C. B., & Page-lieberman, J.
- Affiliations
- Seton Hall University (US)
- William Paterson University (US)
- Venue
- Death Studies
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1989-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 537-556
- ISSN
- 0748-1187 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-7683
- OpenAlex
- W2044017791
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Death Studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Global Maternal and Child Health
- Keywords
- perinatal loss, infant death, grief experience, fathers, grief intensity, guilt, marital relationships
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review