The Perinatal Grief Scale: Development and initial validation.

Toedter, Lori J.; Lasker, Judith N.; Alhadeff, Janice M.

doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1988.tb01604.x

Cited by 297Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMaternal and Neonatal Healthcare

The Perinatal Grief Scale: Development and initial validation.

Toedter, Lori J., Lasker, Judith N., Alhadeff, Janice M.·1988·American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

DOI 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1988.tb01604.x

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Abstract

The theoretical strategy underlying development of the Perinatal Grief Scale is described. The instrument was completed by 194 subjects as part of a longitudinal study of factors affecting the resolution of grief following spontaneous abortion, fetal or neonatal death, or ectopic pregnancy. Variables found to be significant predictors of grief, as measured by this scale, were: overall physical health of mother, gestational age at time of loss, quality of the marital relationship, and pre-loss mental health symptomatology.

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The most commonly used instruments in quantitative and mixed methods studies were the Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Perinatal Grief Scale and Impact of Event Scale.
“The most commonly used instruments were the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [19], the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) [20], the Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) [21] and the Impact of Event Scale (IES) [22].”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
PGS was initially developed and validated in a sample of mainly bereaved mothers (women n=138, men n=56).
“The PGS, for example, was initially developed and validated in a sample of mainly bereaved mothers (women n = 138 and men n = 56) [117].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [117]

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Authors: Toedter, L. J., Lasker, J. N., & Alhadeff, J. M.
Affiliations: Moravian University (US)
Lehigh University (US)
ORCID: Lasker, Judith N.
Venue: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1988
Volume: 58
Issue: 3
Pages: 435-449
ISSN: 0002-9432 (ISSN-L)
1939-0025
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1988.tb01604.x
OpenAlex: W2111692178
Cited by: 297
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 3.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (2 R01 HD18431-04)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Keywords: Perinatal Grief Scale, perinatal grief, miscarriage, fetal death, neonatal death, ectopic pregnancy, grief resolution, scale development, instrument validation, maternal physical health, gestational age, marital quality
MeSH terms: Abortion, Spontaneous, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Female, Fetal Death, Gestational Age, Grief, Humans, Male, Marriage, Pregnancy, Pregnancy, Ectopic, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Risk Factors

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The Perinatal Grief Scale: Development and initial validation.

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