Cited by 304Infant Development and Preterm CareNeonatal and fetal brain pathologyBirth, Development, and Health

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Gender differences in neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely preterm, extremely‐low‐birthweight infants

Hintz, Susan R., Kendrick, Douglas E., Vohr, Betty R., Poole, W. Kenneth, Higgins, Rosemary D., For The Nichd Neonatal Research Network·2006·Acta Paediatrica

DOI 10.1080/08035250600599727

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Abstract

AIM: To determine whether gender-specific responses to perinatal and neonatal events and exposures explain the male disadvantage in early childhood outcomes. METHODS: Infants were in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Neonatal Research Network, born 1/1/1997-12/31/2000, <28 wk, with neurodevelopmental follow-up at 18-22 mo corrected age. We evaluated and compared univariate and multivariate associations of risk factors with neurodevelopmental outcomes for girls and boys. Neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) was one or more of the following: moderate--severe cerebral palsy (CP), Bayley Mental (MDI) or Psychomotor (PDI) Development Indices <70, deafness or blindness. RESULTS: Boys (n=1216) were more likely than girls (n=1337) to have adverse outcomes (moderate--severe CP: 10.7% vs 7.3%; MDI < 70: 41.9% vs 27.1%; NDI: 48.1% vs 34.1%). Major risk factors were also more common in boys. Independent multivariate associations of risk factors with outcome differed by gender, but not consistently in favor of girls. In multivariate models including both girls and boys, male gender remained an independent risk factor for MDI < 70 (2.0, 95% CI 1.6-2.5) and NDI (1.8, 95% CI 1.5-2.2). CONCLUSION: Perinatal, neonatal and early childhood factors confer similar incremental risk or protection to boys and girls, but boys appear to have inherently greater baseline risk. Unmeasured biological variables likely contribute to the preterm male neurodevelopmental outcome disadvantage.

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Authors: Hintz, S. R., Kendrick, D. E., Vohr, B. R., Poole, W. K., Higgins, R. D., & For The Nichd Neonatal Research Network
Affiliations: Stanford Medicine (US)
Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island (US)
RTI International (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Hintz, Susan R.
ORCID: Hintz, Susan R.
Vohr, Betty R.
Higgins, Rosemary D.
Venue: Acta Paediatrica
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2006-10
Volume: 95
Issue: 10
Pages: 1239-1248
ISSN: 0365-1436 (ISSN-L)
0803-5253
1651-2227
DOI: 10.1080/08035250600599727
OpenAlex: W2101903842
Cited by: 304
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 10.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 179 d)
Locations: Acta Paediatrica (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Keywords: gender differences, neurodevelopmental outcomes, extremely preterm infants, extremely low birth weight infants, cerebral palsy, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, neurodevelopmental impairment, risk factors, perinatal exposure, neonatal exposure, NICHD Neonatal Research Network
MeSH terms: Cerebral Palsy, Developmental Disabilities, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Male, Motor Skills, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Multivariate Analysis, Infant, Very Low Birth Weight

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Gender differences in neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely preterm, extremely‐low‐birthweight infants

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