The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender differences in neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely preterm, extremely‐low‐birthweight infants
Abstract
AIM: To determine whether gender-specific responses to perinatal and neonatal events and exposures explain the male disadvantage in early childhood outcomes. METHODS: Infants were in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Neonatal Research Network, born 1/1/1997-12/31/2000, <28 wk, with neurodevelopmental follow-up at 18-22 mo corrected age. We evaluated and compared univariate and multivariate associations of risk factors with neurodevelopmental outcomes for girls and boys. Neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) was one or more of the following: moderate--severe cerebral palsy (CP), Bayley Mental (MDI) or Psychomotor (PDI) Development Indices <70, deafness or blindness. RESULTS: Boys (n=1216) were more likely than girls (n=1337) to have adverse outcomes (moderate--severe CP: 10.7% vs 7.3%; MDI < 70: 41.9% vs 27.1%; NDI: 48.1% vs 34.1%). Major risk factors were also more common in boys. Independent multivariate associations of risk factors with outcome differed by gender, but not consistently in favor of girls. In multivariate models including both girls and boys, male gender remained an independent risk factor for MDI < 70 (2.0, 95% CI 1.6-2.5) and NDI (1.8, 95% CI 1.5-2.2). CONCLUSION: Perinatal, neonatal and early childhood factors confer similar incremental risk or protection to boys and girls, but boys appear to have inherently greater baseline risk. Unmeasured biological variables likely contribute to the preterm male neurodevelopmental outcome disadvantage.
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“Biologically, male infants are more vulnerable neurodevelopmentally than female infants, especially in situations of existing biological risk, such as being born premature (Hintz et al. 2006).”
From Early Family Experiences and Neural Activity in Rural Pakistani Children: The Differential Role of Gender (2024) · cites this paper as Hintz et al. 2006
In the citing paper
“Female infants' brains have been found to be less vulnerable to neurodevelopmental risk in several contexts (Hintz et al. 2006).”
From Early Family Experiences and Neural Activity in Rural Pakistani Children: The Differential Role of Gender (2024) · cites this paper as Hintz et al. 2006
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Cites
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Papile, L. A., Burstein, J., Burstein, R., & Koffler, H. (1978) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(78)80282-0 · Cited by 6,435
Neurologic and Developmental Disability at Six Years of Age after Extremely Preterm Birth
Marlow, N., Dieter Wolke, C., Bracewell, M. A., & Samara, M. M. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa041367 · Cited by 1,897
Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Treatment Based on Staging Criteria
Walsh, M. C., & Kliegman, R. M. (1986) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34975-6 · Cited by 1,870
Lemons, J. A., Bauer, C. R., Oh, W., Korones, S. B., Papile, L. A., Stoll, B. J., Verter, J. I., Temprosa, M. G., Wright, L. L., Ehrenkranz, R. A., et al. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.107.1.e1 · Cited by 1,441
Neurologic and Developmental Disability after Extremely Preterm Birth
Wood, N. S., Marlow, N., Costeloe, K., Gibson, A. T., & Wilkinson, A. R. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200008103430601 · Cited by 1,351
Outcomes in Young Adulthood for Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Hack, M., Flannery, D. J., SCHLUCHTER, M. D., Cartar, L., Borawski, E. A., & Klein, N. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa010856 · Cited by 1,200
Vohr, B. R., Wright, L. L., Dusick, A. M., Mele, L., Verter, J. I., Steichen, J. J., Simon, N. P., Wilson-Costello, D., Broyles, S., Bauer, C. R., et al. (2000) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.105.6.1216 · Cited by 1,143
Self-citationHack, M., Taylor, H. G., Drotar, D., Schluchter, M., Cartar, L., Wilson-Costello, D. E., Klein, N., Friedman, H., Minich, N. M., & Morrow, M. (2005) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0173 · Cited by 604
Cerebral White Matter Injury of the Premature Infant—More Common Than You Think
Volpe, J. J. (2003) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.112.1.176 · Cited by 538
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Getaneh, T., Homaira, N., Chughtai, A. A., Parmar, T., Hurrion, E. M., Chambers, G., Rumbold, A. R., & Lui, K. (2026) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2025-330101
Savvopoulos, F., de Munck, S., van den Bosch, G. E., Bouw, N., Dudink, J., Vermeulen, M., Schnack, H. G., & van Haren, N. E. M. (2026) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2026.104602
Early childhood neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants
Hintz, S. R. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511581281.047
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hintz, S. R., Kendrick, D. E., Vohr, B. R., Poole, W. K., Higgins, R. D., & For The Nichd Neonatal Research Network
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island (US)
- RTI International (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hintz, Susan R.
- Venue
- Acta Paediatrica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-10
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1239-1248
- ISSN
- 0365-1436 (ISSN-L)
- 0803-5253
- 1651-2227
- OpenAlex
- W2101903842
- Cited by
- 304
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 10.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Paediatrica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- gender differences, neurodevelopmental outcomes, extremely preterm infants, extremely low birth weight infants, cerebral palsy, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, neurodevelopmental impairment, risk factors, perinatal exposure, neonatal exposure, NICHD Neonatal Research Network
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Palsy, Developmental Disabilities, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Male, Motor Skills, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Multivariate Analysis, Infant, Very Low Birth Weight
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