Away from Trolley Problems and Toward Risk Management

The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles

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The Trolley Problem

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Ethical Decision Making during Automated Vehicle Crashes

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Turning the Trolley

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Why Ethics Matters for Autonomous Cars

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Implementable Ethics for Autonomous Vehicles

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Artificial intelligence and machine learning as business tools: A framework for diagnosing value destruction potential

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Ethical principles in machine learning and artificial intelligence: cases from the field and possible ways forward

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Leveraging machine learning in the global fight against money laundering and terrorism financing: An affordances perspective

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Never Mind the Trolley: The Ethics of Autonomous Vehicles in Mundane Situations

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The Moral Psychology of Artificial Intelligence

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An ethical trajectory planning algorithm for autonomous vehicles

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Algorithmic Decision-Making in AVs: Understanding Ethical and Technical Concerns for Smart Cities

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Autonomous Driving Ethics: from Trolley Problem to Ethics of Risk

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Autonomous Vehicles and Embedded Artificial Intelligence: The Challenges of Framing Machine Driving Decisions

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The Ethical Knob: ethically-customisable automated vehicles and the law

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Why Trolley Problems Matter for the Ethics of Automated Vehicles

Keeling, G. (2019) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-019-00096-1 · Cited by 98

The ethics of crashes with self‐driving cars: A roadmap, I

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Self-Driving Vehicles—an Ethical Overview

Hansson, S. O., Belin, M.-Å., & Lundgren, B. (2021) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-021-00464-5 · Cited by 91

A systematic literature review of the factors influencing the adoption of autonomous driving

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The ethics of crashes with self‐driving cars: A roadmap, II

Nyholm, S. (2018) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12506 · Cited by 85

The Trolley, The Bull Bar, and Why Engineers Should Care About The Ethics of Autonomous Cars [point of view]

Bonnefon, J.-F., Shariff, A., & Rahwan, I. (2019) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2019.2897447 · Cited by 74

The looming challenges of regulating high level autonomous vehicles

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Crowdsourcing moral machines

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From driverless dilemmas to more practical commonsense tests for automated vehicles

Freitas, J. D., Censi, A., Smith, B. W., Lillo, L. D., Anthony, S. E., & Frazzoli, E. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2010202118 · Cited by 50

Irresponsibilities, inequalities and injustice for autonomous vehicles

Liu, H.-Y. (2017) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-017-9436-2 · Cited by 48

Automated driving regulations – where are we now?

Sever, T., & Contissa, G. (2024) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2024.101033 · Cited by 53

The European Commission report on ethics of connected and automated vehicles and the future of ethics of transportation

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Applying ethical theories to the decision-making of self-driving vehicles: A systematic review and integration of the literature

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Artificial Driving Intelligence and Moral Agency: Examining the Decision Ontology of Unavoidable Road Traffic Accidents through the Prism of the Trolley Dilemma

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Self-protective and self-sacrificing preferences of pedestrians and passengers in moral dilemmas involving autonomous vehicles

Mayer, M. M., Bell, R., & Buchner, A. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261673 · Cited by 36

Ethics of robotized public services: The role of robot design and its actions

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Safety requirements vs. crashing ethically: what matters most for policies on autonomous vehicles

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Realising Meaningful Human Control Over Automated Driving Systems: A Multidisciplinary Approach

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Autonomous Vehicles and Moral Judgments under Risk

Krügel, S., & Uhl, M. (2020) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2021.10.016 · Cited by 29

Four Perspectives on What Matters for the Ethics of Automated Vehicles

Keeling, G., Evans, K., Thornton, S. M., Mecacci, G., & de Sio, F. S. (2019) · Lecture notes in mobility · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22933-7_6 · Cited by 27

Trolled by the Trolley Problem

Mirnig, A. G., & Meschtscherjakov, A. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300739 · Cited by 26

The risk ethics of autonomous vehicles: an empirical approach

Krügel, S., & Uhl, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-51313-2 · Cited by 25

From Trolleys to Risk: Models for Ethical Autonomous Driving

Goodall, N. J. (2017) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.303672 · Cited by 24

Programming Away Human Rights and Responsibilities? “The Moral Machine Experiment” and the Need for a More “Humane” AV Future

Kochupillai, M., Lütge, C., & Poszler, F. (2020) · NanoEthics · doi:10.1007/s11569-020-00374-4 · Cited by 23

Preparing for an agentic era of human-machine transportation systems: Opportunities, challenges, and policy recommendations

Yu, J. (2025) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.05.030 · Cited by 22

Artificial intelligence and human autonomy: the case of driving automation

Fossa, F. (2024) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-024-01955-7 · Cited by 23

Delegation of Moral Tasks to Automated Agents—The Impact of Risk and Context on Trusting a Machine to Perform a Task

Liehner, G. L., Brauner, P., Schaar, A. K., & Ziefle, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society · doi:10.1109/tts.2021.3118355 · Cited by 24

Humans, machines, and double standards? The moral evaluation of the actions of autonomous vehicles, anthropomorphized autonomous vehicles, and human drivers in road-accident dilemmas

Mayer, M. M., Buchner, A., & Bell, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1052729 · Cited by 24

A precautionary approach to autonomous vehicles

Resnik, D. B., & Andrews, S. L. (2023) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-023-00277-6 · Cited by 20

Emerging Urban Mobility Technologies through the Lens of Everyday Urban Aesthetics

Mladenović, M. N., Lehtinen, S., Soh, E., & Martens, K. (2019) · Essays in Philosophy · doi:10.7710/1526-0569.1633 · Cited by 19

Can We Agree on What Robots Should be Allowed to Do? An Exercise in Rule Selection for Ethical Care Robots

Vanderelst, D. F., & Willems, J. (2019) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-019-00612-0 · Cited by 18

The Trolley Problem Version of Autonomous Vehicles

Wiseman, Y., & Grinberg, I. (2018) · The Open Transportation Journal · doi:10.2174/18744478018120100105 · Cited by 17

Risk of injury in moral dilemmas with autonomous vehicles

de Melo, C. M., Marsella, S., & Gratch, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2020.572529 · Cited by 17

A safety-case approach to the ethics of autonomous vehicles

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What makes a good driver on public roads and race tracks? An interview study

Doubek, F., Salzmann, F., & de Winter, J. (2021) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.04.019 · Cited by 17

Modelling Ethical Algorithms in Autonomous Vehicles Using Crash Data

Robinson, P., Sun, L. T., Furey, H., Jenkins, R., Phillips, C. R. M., Powers, T. M., Ritterson, R. S., Xie, Y., Casagrande, R. J., & Evans, N. G. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3072792 · Cited by 15

Toward Closing the Loop on Human Values

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Of trolleys and self-driving cars: What machine ethicists can and cannot learn from trolleyology

Königs, P. (2022) · Utilitas · doi:10.1017/s0953820822000395 · Cited by 14

Is tomorrow’s car appealing today? Ethical issues and user attitudes beyond automation

Vrščaj, D., Nyholm, S. R., & Verbong, G. P. J. (2020) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-020-00941-z · Cited by 17

Between Real World and Thought Experiment: Framing Moral Decision-Making in Self-Driving Car Dilemmas

Schäffner, V. (2020) · Humanistic Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s41463-020-00101-x · Cited by 13

Risk Management Core—Toward an Explicit Representation of Risk in Automated Driving

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Empowering safer socially sensitive autonomous vehicles using human-plausible cognitive encoding

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Addressing inequal risk exposure in the development of automated vehicles

Dietrich, M. (2021) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-021-09610-1 · Cited by 12

The Trolley Problem in the Ethics of Autonomous Vehicles

Paulo, N. (2023) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.1093/pq/pqad051 · Cited by 12

Approaching the social dilemma of autonomous vehicles with a general social welfare function

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The Chinese and American Students and the Trolley Problem: A Cross-cultural Study

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Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Combat Money Laundering and Related Crimes in the South African Banking Sector

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A sociotechnological-system approach to AI ethics

Riesen, E. (2025) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02335-5 · Cited by 10

Ethical machine decisions and the input-selection problem

Lundgren, B. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03296-0 · Cited by 10

Slam the Brakes: Perceptions of Moral Decisions in Driving Dilemmas

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Ethics and Engineering: An Introduction

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Who to sacrifice? Modeling the driver’s dilemma

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Where is morality on wheels? Decoding large language model (LLM)-driven decision in the ethical dilemmas of autonomous vehicles

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7 Kant on Trolleys and Autonomous Driving

Schmidt, E. E. (2022) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110706611-007 · Cited by 8

Ethical Decision-making for Autonomous Driving based on LSTM Trajectory Prediction Network

Wei, W., & Wang, J. (2023) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.647 · Cited by 8

The Ethics of Automated Vehicles

Keeling, G. (2020) · Bristol Research (University of Bristol) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.28316.10889 · Cited by 7

Towards a Framework for Ethical Decision Making in Automated VehiclesPreprint

Sütfeld, L. R., Peter König, B., & Pipa, G. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4duca · Cited by 7

Business process changes on the implementation of artificial intelligence

Adorno, O. D. A. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.12.2020.tde-08042021-011316 · Cited by 8

Moral reasoning behind the veil of ignorance: An investigation into perspective‐taking accessibility in the context of autonomous vehicles

Bruno, G., Spoto, A., Sarlo, M., Lotto, L., Marson, A., Cellini, N., & Cutini, S. (2023) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12679 · Cited by 6

The ethics of the ethics of autonomous vehicles: Levinas and naked streets

Andrade, J. (2021) · South African Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/02580136.2021.1933725 · Cited by 6

The probability problems of the Moral Machine Experiment

Schuessler, D. (2023) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-023-00287-4 · Cited by 6

Coordinated Control Design for Ethical Maneuvering of Autonomous Vehicles

Németh, B. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16104254 · Cited by 6

Automated vehicles and the morality of post-collision behavior

Krügel, S., Uhl, M., & Balcombe, B. (2021) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-021-09607-w · Cited by 5

Wenn Ethik zum Programm wird: Eine risikoethische Analyse moralischer Dilemmata des autonomen Fahrens

Schäffner, V. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Ethik und Moralphilosophie · doi:10.1007/s42048-020-00061-9 · Cited by 5

Unavoidable Collisions. The Automation of Moral Judgment

Fossa, F. (2023) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22982-4_4 · Cited by 5

The Use and Abuse of Moral Preferences in the Ethics of Self-Driving Cars

Paulo, N., Möck, L. A., & Kirchmair, L. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003301424-18 · Cited by 5

Remarks on the Possibility of Ethical Reasoning in an Artificial Intelligence System by Means of Abductive Models

Pinillos, A. S., & Casacuberta, D. (2019) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32722-4_19 · Cited by 5

The AI Wars, 1950–2000, and Their Consequences

Dietrich, E., Fields, C., Sullins, J. P., Heuveln, B. V., & Zebrowski, R. L. (2021) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness · doi:10.1142/s2705078521300012 · Cited by 6

Liability Rules For AI-Facilitated Wrongs: An Ecosystem Approach To Manage Risk And UncertaintyPreprint

Panezi, A. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3768779 · Cited by 5

No wheel but a dial: why and how passengers in self-driving cars should decide how their car drives

Himmelreich, J. (2022) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-022-09668-5 · Cited by 4

An international survey on risk distribution preferences for autonomous vehicles

Krügel, S., & Uhl, M. (2025) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2025.104695 · Cited by 4

What should AI see? Using the public’s opinion to determine the perception of an AI

Chan, R., Dardashti, R., Osinski, M., Rottmann, M., Brüggemann, D., Rücker, C., Schlicht, P., Hüger, F., Rummel, N., & Gottschalk, H. (2023) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00248-3 · Cited by 4

Autonomous Vehicles, Business Ethics, and Risk Distribution in Hybrid Traffic

Berkey, B. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197639191.003.0013 · Cited by 4

Crash dilemmas and the ethical design of self-driving vehicles: implications from metaethics and pragmatic road marks

Schäffner, V. (2024) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-024-00591-7 · Cited by 4

Automated Vehicle Regulation Needs to Speak to Code, not to Humans: Keeping Safety and Ethics in the Public Domain

Sütfeld, L. R., Bronson, J., & Kirchmair, L. (2025) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-025-00846-z · Cited by 3

Bridging Gaps for the Adoption of Automated Vehicles—BRAVE Aspects for TrustVehicles—Development of Innovative HMIs to Increase Acceptance

Kraetsch, C., Eriksson, G., Strand, N., Anon, F., Leuteritz, J., & Schrauth, B. (2020) · Lecture notes in intelligent transportation and infrastructure · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60861-3_2 · Cited by 3

The Ethical KnobPreprint

Contissa, G., Lagioia, F., & Giovanni Sartor, B. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2881280 · Cited by 3

The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence on the Human SocietyPreprint

Ansari, W. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4512301 · Cited by 3

Trajectory planning for traffic safety with dynamic ethical risk adjustment

Liu, C., Hu, H., Ma, T., Zhang, Y., Jia, M., Li, L., Gan, J. Y., Qu, X., & Ran, B. (2026) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2026.108425 · Cited by 2

Whose safety should come first in case of an unavoidable crash involving a driverless passenger vehicle? a nationwide snapshot of public perceptions and expectations

Kalambay, P., Hossain, A., & Das, S. (2026) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2026.103553 · Cited by 2

Philosophical grounds for regulating the lawful operation of autonomous vehicles

Kasap, A. (2025) · International Review of Law Computers & Technology · doi:10.1080/13600869.2025.2506312 · Cited by 2

Automated Vehicles and the Ethics of Classification

Keeling, G. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197639191.003.0003 · Cited by 2

Ethical Algorithms in Autonomous Vehicles: Reflections on a Workshop

Evans, N. G. (2020) · Lecture notes in mobility · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52840-9_15 · Cited by 2

From Trolleys to Risk: Models for Ethical Autonomous DrivingPreprint

Goodall, N. J. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/9bxsk · Cited by 2

Mortality salience and moral dilemmas: The impact of stress on regret in trolley problem decision-making

Perdomo, N. (2021) · FHSU Scholars Repository (Fort Hays State University) · doi:10.58809/iurd7282 · Cited by 3

Assessing the Efficacy of DinoV2-Based Embeddings in Clustering Visual Data from C2C Marketplaces

Okonkwo, M., & Rivas, P. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12930-7_4 · Cited by 1

Trends and Problems in the Applied Ethics of Autonomous Driving: Autonomous Cars and the Trolly Problem

Kasaki, M. (2021) · Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan · doi:10.7210/jrsj.39.22 · Cited by 1

The Role of Machine Learning in Creating and Capturing Value

Costa-Climent, R. (2022) · International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence · doi:10.4018/ijssci.312229

Sustainable Mobility. From Driving Automation to Ethical Commitment

Fossa, F. (2023) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22982-4_6 · Cited by 1

Engineers’ Roles and Responsibilities in Automated Vehicle Ethics: Exploring Engineering Codes of Ethics as a Guide to Addressing Issues in Sociotechnical Systems

Whitmore, A., Samaras, C., Matthews, H. S., & Wong‐Parodi, G. (2022) · Journal of Transportation Engineering Part A Systems · doi:10.1061/jtepbs.0000668 · Cited by 1

Trolled by the Trolley Problem

Mirnig, A. G., & Meschtscherjakov, A. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300739 · Cited by 26

Why Trolley Problems Matter for the Ethics of Automated Vehicles

Keeling, G. (2019) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-019-00096-1 · Cited by 98

Autonomous Vehicles and Moral Judgments under RiskPreprint

Kruegel, S., & Uhl, M. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3686613 · Cited by 10

From Trolleys to Risk: Models for Ethical Autonomous Driving

Goodall, N. J. (2017) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.303672 · Cited by 24

The experience of ethics: Evaluation of self harm risks in automated vehicles

Wintersberger, P., Prison, A.-K., Riener, A., & Hasirlioglu, S. (2017) · IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium · doi:10.1109/ivs.2017.7995749 · Cited by 25