Evaluation and clinical comparison studies on liposomal and non-liposomal ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and their enhanced bioavailability
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral bioavailability of liposomal vitamin C and non-liposomal vitamin C in healthy, adult, human subjects under fasting conditions through an open label, randomized, single-dose, two-treatment, two-sequence, two-period, two-way crossover, study. The vitamin C loaded liposome was well characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements for evaluating morphology, particle size and stabilities, respectively. Microscopic image shows the core-type structure that confirms the characteristic pattern of liposome. The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and the particle size were 65.85 ± 1.84% and below 100 nm, respectively. The results of the clinical studies of liposomal vitamin C by oral delivery to be 1.77 times more bioavailable than non-liposomal vitamin C. The liposomal vitamin C demonstrated higher values of Cmax, AUC0–t and AUC0-∞ related to non-liposomal vitamin C due to liposomal encapsulation. No adverse events were reported. It could be concluded that liposomal encapsulated ascorbic acid (vitamin C) shows well-organized morphological pattern, uniform particle size and highly efficient, which leads to have enhanced bioavailability.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Intervention studies on liposomal-encapsulated forms had non-liposomal vitamin C as the comparator.
“Intervention studies on liposomal-encapsulated forms had non-liposomal vitamin C as the comparator [12,36,37].”
From Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
Out of thirteen analyzed studies, eight (62%) did not report any adverse events for the intervention or comparators.
“Out of the thirteen analyzed studies, eight (62%) did not report any adverse events, either for the intervention or the comparators [12,27,30,31,33,35,36,37].”
From Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
Orally delivered liposomal vitamin C was 1.8 times more bioavailable than non-liposomal vitamin C (ascorbic acid), with higher Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-1 h.
“Orally delivered liposomal vitamin C was 1.8 times more bioavailable, with higher values for Cmax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–1 h compared to non-liposomal vitamin C.”
From Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
No adverse events occurred during the included liposomal trials.
“No adverse events occurred during the included trials [12,36].”
From Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
Cites
Liposomal drug delivery systems: From concept to clinical applications
Allen, T. M., & Cullis, P. R. (2013) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.037 · Cited by 4,839 · see citing works
Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications
Akbarzadeh, A., Rezaei-Sadabady, R., Davaran, S., Joo, S. W., Zarghami, N., Hanifehpour, Y., Samiei, M., Kouhi, M., & Nejati‐Koshki, K. (2013) · Nanoscale Research Letters · doi:10.1186/1556-276x-8-102 · Cited by 3,648 · see citing works
International Journal of Nanomedicine
(2020) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn · Cited by 2,760 · see citing works
Drug delivery systems: An updated review
Tiwari, G., Tiwari, R., Bannerjee, S., Bhati, L., Pandey, S., Pandey, P., & Sriwastawa, B. (2012) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation · doi:10.4103/2230-973x.96920 · Cited by 1,671 · see citing works
INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH.
(1931) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)82268-0 · Cited by 1,643 · see citing works
Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance
Levine, M., Conry-Cantilena, C., Wang, Y., Welch, R. W., Washko, P. W., Dhariwal, K. R., Park, J. B., Lazarev, A., Graumlich, J. F., King, J., et al. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.8.3704 · Cited by 1,325 · see citing works
Liposomes in drug delivery: Progress and limitations
Sharma, A. (1997) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(97)00135-x · Cited by 1,253 · see citing works
An overview of encapsulation technologies for food applications
Nedović, V., Kalušević, A., Manojlović, V., et al. (2011) · Procedia Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.profoo.2011.09.265 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Assadpour, E., & Jafari, S. M. (2018) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1484687 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Efficacy of Olanzapine in Acute Bipolar Mania A Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Tohen, M. F. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.841 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Nano-encapsulation as a promising approach for targeted delivery and controlled release of vitamins
Katouzian, I., & Jafari, S. M. (2016) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2016.05.002 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Multifunctional nanocrystals for cancer therapy: a potential nanocarrier
Joseph, E., & Singhvi, G. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816505-8.00007-2 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Dima, C. V., Assadpour, E., Dima, Ş., & Jafari, S. M. (2020) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12547 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Rogers, S. L., Doody, R. S., Pratt, R. D., & Ieni, J. R. (2000) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(00)00067-5 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Stability and bioavailability of vitamin D nanoencapsulated in casein micelles
Haham, M., Ish‐Shalom, S., Nodelman, M., et al. (2012) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c2fo10249h · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Sánchez-Lara, K., Turcott, J. G., Juárez-Hernández, E., Núñez-Valencia, C., Villanueva, G., Guevara‐Ramírez, P., la Torre-Vallejo, M. D., Mohar, A., & Arrieta, O. G. (2014) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.03.006 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Phase I/II clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of liposomal daunorubicin.
Gill, P. S., Espina, B. M., Muggia, F. M., Cabriales, S., Tulpule, A., Esplin, J. A., Liebman, H. A., Forssen, E. A., Ross, M. E., & Levine, A. M. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.1995.13.4.996 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Liposomes for intravitreal drug delivery: A state of the art
Bochot, A., & Fattal, E. (2012) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.019 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Marsanasco, M., Márquez, A. L., Wagner, J. R., Alonso, S. D. V., & Chiaramoni, N. S. (2011) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.07.025 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Encyclopedia of Biomedical Polymers and Polymeric Biomaterials
(2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1081/e-ebpp · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Recent advances in liposomal drug-delivery systems
Chonn, A., & Cullis, P. R. (1995) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/0958-1669(95)80115-4 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Design of liposomal formulations for cell targeting
Nogueira, E., Gomes, A. C., Preto, A., & Cavaco-Paulo, A. M. (2015) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.034 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Encapsulation of food bioactives and nutraceuticals by various chitosan-based nanocarriers
Akbari-Alavijeh, S., Shaddel, R., & Jafari, S. (2020) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105774 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Maione-Silva, L., de Castro, E. G., Nascimento, T. L., Cintra, E. R., Moreira, L. C., Cintra, B. A. S., Valadares, M. C., & Lima, E. M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36682-9 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Pignatello, R., Ricupero, N., Bucolo, C., et al. (2006) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/pt070127 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Hemilä, H., & Chalker, E. (2020) · Journal of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/s40560-020-0432-y · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Folic acid-modified liposomal drug delivery strategy for tumor targeting of 5-fluorouracil
Moghimipour, E., Rezaei, M., Ramezani, Z., Kouchak, M., Amini, M., Angali, K. A., Dorkoosh, F. A., & Handali, S. (2017) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2017.12.011 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Balakrishnan, P., Gopi, S., Sreekala, M. S., & Thomas, S. (2017) · Starch - Stärke · doi:10.1002/star.201700139 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationEsfandyari, T., Camilleri, M., Ferber, I. J., Burton, D. D., Baxter, K. L., & Zinsmeister, A. R. (2006) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2006.00834.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Gopi, S., Jacob, J., C., K. V. A., Jude, S., Amalraj, A., Arundhathy, C. A., George, R., Sreeraj, T. R., Divya, C., Kunnumakkara, A. B., et al. (2017) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.5931 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, W., Tian, M., Kong, Y., et al. (2016) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2016.10.010 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry
Pitts, N. B. (2004) · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Pereira, S. G. T., Egbu, R., Jannati, G., & Al-Jamal, W. T. (2016) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.057 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Factors effect on the loading efficiency of Vitamin C loaded chitosan-coated nanoliposomes
Liu, N., & Park, H. (2009) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.09.041 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The Potential of Liposomes in Oral Drug Delivery
Rogers, J. A., & Anderson, K. E. (1998) · Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems · doi:10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v15.i5.10 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Davis, J., Paris, H. L. R., Beals, J. W., Binns, S. E., Giordano, G., Scalzo, R. L., Schweder, M. M., Blair, E., & Bell, C. (2016) · Nutrition and Metabolic Insights · doi:10.4137/nmi.s39764 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Hwang, S., Karn, P. R., Cho, W., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s39025 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Hakkimane, S. S., Shenoy, V. P., Gaonkar, S. L., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s163925 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Silva, A. C., Santos, D. F. G., Ferreira, D. C., et al. (2012) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/092986712803251584 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Modifying the Release Properties of Liposomes Toward Personalized Medicine
Cipolla, D. C., Wu, H., Gonda, I., et al. (2014) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.23969 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Chitin nanowhisker – Inspired electrospun PVDF membrane for enhanced oil-water separation
Gopi, S., Kargl, R., Kleinschek, K. S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.039 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationJude, S., Amalraj, A., Kunnumakkara, A. B., et al. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23102415 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics of oral vitamin C
Hickey, S., Roberts, H. J., & Miller, N. J. (2008) · Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1080/13590840802305423 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wijetunge, S. S., Wen, J., Yeh, C., & Sun, Y. (2019) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110572 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Vitamin C and Its Role in Periodontal Diseases - The Past and the Present: A Narrative Review.
van der Velden, U. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3290/j.ohpd.a44306 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
López-Toledano, M. A., Thorsteinsson, T., Daak, A. A., Maki, K. C., Johns, C., Rabinowicz, A. L., & Sancilio, F. D. (2017) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2017.01.017 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Maki, K. C., Palacios, O. M., Buggia, M., Trivedi, R., Dicklin, M. R., & Maki, C. E. (2018) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.10.014 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ghayour‐Mobarhan, M., Mazidi, M., Rokni, H., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/2008-7802.183652 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Analysis of thermal and aqueous suspension stabilities of chitosan based nanoencapsulated vitamins
de Britto, D., PINOLA, F. G., Mattoso, L. H. C., et al. (2016) · Química Nova · doi:10.21577/0100-4042.20160127 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wu, X., Kasselouri, A., Vergnaud, J., & Rosilio, V. (2020) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119168 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Disposition, profiling and identification of emixustat and its metabolites in humans
Fitzsimmons, M. E., Sun, G., Kuksa, V., & Reid, M. J. (2017) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.1080/00498254.2017.1350889 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nazarudheen, S., Dey, S., Kandhwal, K., et al. (2013) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.07.015 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Continuous intravenous vitamin C in the cancer treatment: re-evaluation of a Phase I clinical study
Mikirova, N. A., Casciari, J. J., & Hunninghake, R. (2019) · Functional Foods in Health and Disease · doi:10.31989/ffhd.v9i3.590 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tippabhotla, S. K., Thota, S., Khan, S. M., et al. (2013) · Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs · doi:10.3109/10601333.2012.759586 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Purpura, M., Jäger, R., Godavarthi, A., Bhaskarachar, D., & Tinsley, G. M. (2024) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03487-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Calder, P. C., Kreider, R. B., & McKay, D. L. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17020279 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dickerson, B., Gonzalez, D. E., Sowinski, R., Xing, D., Leonard, M., Kendra, J., Jenkins, V., Gopalakrishnan, S., Yoo, C., Ko, J., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16193358 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gopi, S., & Balakrishnan, P.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Innovations and Technologies (CIT), ADSO Naturals Private Limited, Bangalore, India
- Corresponding author
- Gopi, Sreerag
- Balakrishnan, Preetha
- Venue
- Journal of Liposome Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-10-06
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 356-364
- ISSN
- 0898-2104 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-2394
- OpenAlex
- W3084047992
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 3.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Liposome Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Microencapsulation and Drying Processes
- Keywords
- vitamin C, oral bioavailability, liposome encapsulation, liposome characterization, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, liposome stability, liposomal drug delivery, pharmacokinetics
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ascorbic Acid, Biological Availability, Humans, Liposomes, Particle Size, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
