CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 7Education and Military IntegrationPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchOccupational Health and Performance

Service and demographic factors, health, trauma exposure, and participation are associated with adjustment for former Australian Defense Force members

Open access
Carra, Kylie, Curtin, Michael, Fortune, Tracy, Gordon, Brett·2023·Military Psychology
DOI 10.1080/08995605.2022.2120312PMC PMC10453966
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Approximately 50% of transitioning service members report difficulty adjusting to civilian life. However, there is limited research exploring factors that influence adjustment for former Australian Defence Force (ADF) members. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of demographic and service-related characteristics, trauma exposure, health, and participation in meaningful occupations on adjustment for former ADF members. One hundred and ninety-eight former ADF members completed a voluntary, online survey containing validated self-report measures for adjustment, health, and exposure to combat and military sexual trauma. Participation in meaningful occupations was assessed using open-ended questions and a rating scale for frequency of participation. A more difficult adjustment was reported by participants who had completed operational service, reported exposure to combat and/or military sexual trauma, had poor physical health and were discharged for medical reasons. Other characteristics associated with a difficult adjustment included emotional distress, involuntary discharge, age category 30-49 years, final rank of Senior Noncommissioned Officer/Warrant Officer or below, and discharge 6-8 years previously. Employment, voluntary work and care, and social and community interaction were associated with an easier adjustment. Screening tools that consider health, age, deployment type, final rank, type of discharge and exposure to combat or military sexual trauma may be helpful to identify and refer high risk individuals to employment, rehabilitation or transition support programs.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/08995605.2022.2120312

Cites

56 of 56 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Between 48% and 78% of Australian veterans experience reintegration difficulties.

    “between 48% and 78% among Australian veterans [4, 5]”

    From Feasibility, acceptability, and initial outcomes of a psychological adjustment and reintegration program for transitioned military veterans (2024) · cites this paper as [4]

    The Results report that 48.7% of surveyed former Australian Defence Force members had difficulty adjusting to civilian life, supporting the lower end of the cited range. Our copy does not report 78% experiencing difficulty; the Participants section uses 78.8% for those married or in a relationship. The Introduction also distinguishes adjustment from reintegration, which the study did not measure as the claimed range. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • A high proportion of veterans continue to experience reintegration and adjustment problems up to eight years after separating from service if not supported.

    “Difficulties with reintegration and adjustment also appear to persist long-term if the veteran is not supported, with research demonstrating a high proportion of veterans continue to experience problems up to eight years after separating from service [4, 6].”

    From Feasibility, acceptability, and initial outcomes of a psychological adjustment and reintegration program for transitioned military veterans (2024) · cites this paper as [4]

    The Results report that 48.7% of participants had difficulty adjusting and that those discharged 6–8 years earlier reported more difficulty than those discharged over 10 years earlier (page not provided). The Conclusion recommends support around 6–8 years post-discharge. The study does not establish that the same veterans’ problems persisted throughout that period or that lack of support caused them to persist. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Romaniuk, M., & Kidd, C. (2018). The psychological adjustment experience of reintegration following discharge from military service. Journal of Military and Veterans' Health, 26(2), 60-72.
  2. Rudman, L., Aldrich, R. M., & Kiepek, N. (2022). Evolving understandings of occupation. In M. Egan & G. Restall (Eds.), Promoting occupational participation: Collaborative relationship focused occupational therapy (pp. 12-30). Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.
  3. Watt, T., & Kehoe, E. (2020). Adjunct activities for mental health improvement in veterans. Journal of Military and Veterans' Health, 28(2), 70-78.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Carra, K., Curtin, M., Fortune, T., & Gordon, B.
Affiliations
  • La Trobe University (AU)
  • Charles Sturt University (AU)
Corresponding author
Carra, Kylie
ORCID
Venue
Military Psychology
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2022-10-19
Volume
35
Issue
5
Pages
480-492
ISSN
  • 0899-5605 (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-7876
DOI
10.1080/08995605.2022.2120312
PMC
PMC10453966
OpenAlex
W4306795445
Cited by
7
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2024: 3
FWCI
1.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Military Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Australian Post-graduate Scholarship Award (in-kind funding)
  • La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Education and Military Integration
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
Keywords
military-to-civilian transition, combat exposure, military sexual trauma, physical health, meaningful occupations, employment, emotional distress
MeSH terms
Adult, Australia, Demography, Humans, Middle Aged, Military Personnel, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Report

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review