Military Service Member and Veteran Reintegration: A Conceptual Analysis, Unified Definition, and Key Domains
Open accessAbstract
Returning military service members and veterans may experience a variety of stress-related disorders and challenges when reintegrating from the military to the community. Facilitating the reintegration, transition, readjustment and coping, and community integration, of military service members and veterans (MSMVs) is a societal priority. To date, research addressing MSMV reintegration has not identified a comprehensive definition of the term or defined the broader context within which the process of reintegration occurs although both are needed to promote valid and reliable measurement of reintegration and clarify related challenges, processes, and their impact on outcomes. Therefore, this principle-based concept analysis sought to review existing empirical reintegration measurement instruments and identify the problems and needs of MSMV reintegration to provide a unified definition of reintegration to guide future research, clinical practice, and related services. We identified 1,459 articles in the health and social sciences literature, published between 1990 and 2015, by searching multiple electronic databases. Screening of abstracts and full text review based on our inclusion/ exclusion criteria, yielded 117 articles for review. Two investigators used constant conceptual comparison to evaluate relevant articles independently. We examined the term reintegration and related terms (i.e., transition, readjustment, community integration) identifying trends in their use over time, analyzed the eight reintegration survey instruments, and synthesized service member and veteran self-reported challenges and needs for reintegration. More reintegration research was published during the last 5 years (n= 373) than in the previous 10 years combined (n= 130). The research suggests coping with life stresses plays an integral role in military service member and veteran post-deployment reintegration. Key domains of reintegration include individual, interpersonal, community organizations, and societal factors that may facilitate or challenge successful reintegration, and results suggest that successful coping with life stressors plays an integral role in post-deployment reintegration. Overall, the literature does not provide a comprehensive representation of reintegration among military service members and veterans. Although previous research describes military service member and veteran reintegration challenges, this concept analysis provides a unified definition of the phenomenon and identifies key domains of reintegration that may broaden our understanding and guide reintegration research and practice.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Military-civilian reintegration and adjustment encompasses more than practical challenges and includes social, psychological, and cultural factors.
“For more than a decade there has been recognition that military-civilian reintegration and adjustment encompasses more than practical challenges and includes social, psychological, and cultural factors [20–27].”
From Feasibility, acceptability, and initial outcomes of a psychological adjustment and reintegration program for transitioned military veterans (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.): Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008) · SAGE · doi:10.4135/9781452230153 · Cited by 12,136 · see citing works
Counseling Adults in Transition: Linking Practice with Theory
Goodman, J., Schlossberg, N. K., & Anderson, M. L. (1984) · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Sayer, N. A., Noorbaloochi, S., Frazier, P., Carlson, K., Gravely, A., & Murdoch, M. (2010) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2010.61.6.589 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
THE COMMUNITY INTEGRATION QUESTIONNAIRE A Comparative Examination
Wilier, B., Ottenbacher, K. J., & Coad, M. L. (1994) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00002060-199404000-00006 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Children on the Homefront: The Experience of Children From Military Families
Chandra, A., Lara-Cinisomo, S., Jaycox, L. H., Tanielian, T., Burns, R. M., Ruder, T., & Han, B. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1180 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Family Problems Among Recently Returned Military Veterans Referred for a Mental Health Evaluation
Sayers, S. L., Farrow, V. A., Ross, J., & Oslin, D. W. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.07m03863 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Adler, A. B., Bliese, P. D., McGurk, D., Hoge, C. W., & Castro, C. A. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016877 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Cost-effectiveness of supported housing for homeless persons with mental illness.
Rosenheck, R., Kasprow, W., Frisman, L., & Liu-Mares, W. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.940 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Returning Home from Iraq and Afghanistan
Institute of Medicine (2010) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/12812 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
The community integration measure: Development and preliminary validation
McColl, M. A., Davies, D. L., Carlson, P., Johnston, J., & Minnes, P. (2001) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.22195 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Soldier Suicide Rates Continue to Rise
Kuehn, B. M. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.342 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Sayer, N. A., Frazier, P., Orazem, R. J., Murdoch, M., Gravely, A., Carlson, K. F., Hintz, S., & Noorbaloochi, S. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20706 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Traumatic brain injury and substance abuse: A review and analysis of the literature
Taylor, L. A., Kreutzer, J. S., Demm, S. R., & Meade, M. A. (2003) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602010244000336 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Mental health risk factors for suicides in the US Army, 2007–8
Bachynski, K., Canham-Chervak, M., Black, S. A., Dada, E. O., Millikan, A. M., & Jones, B. H. (2012) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040112 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Hispanic Vietnam Veterans
Ortega, A. N., & Rosenheck, R. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.615 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Enhancing methodological clarity: principle‐based concept analysis
Penrod, J., & Hupcey, J. E. (2005) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03405.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Gironda, R. J., Clark, M. E., Ruff, R. L., Chait, S. R., Craine, M. H., Walker, R. L., & Scholten, J. D. (2009) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016906 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Kaplow, J. B., Layne, C. M., Saltzman, W. R., Cozza, S. J., & Pynoos, R. S. (2013) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0143-1 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The National Vietnam veterans readjustment study : tables of findings and technical appendices
Kulka, R. A. (1990) · Brunner/Mazel eBooks · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Reintegration Challenges in U.S. Service Members and Veterans Following Combat Deployment
Sayer, N. A., Carlson, K. F., & Frazier, P. A. (2014) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12001 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Effect of transition home from combat on risk‐taking and health‐related behaviors
Adler, A. B., Britt, T. W., Castro, C. A., McGurk, D., & Bliese, P. D. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20665 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Sporner, M. L., Fitzgerald, S. G., Dicianno, B. E., Collins, D. M., Teodorski, E. E., Pasquina, P. F., & Cooper, R. A. (2008) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280802030923 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Military service member and veteran reintegration: A critical review and adapted ecological model.
Elnitsky, C., Blevins, C. L., Fisher, M., & Magruder, K. M. (2017) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000244 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationTanielian, T., Farris, C. A., Batka, C., Farmer, C. M., Robinson, E., Engel, C. C., Robbins, M. D. H., & Jaycox, L. H. (2014) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr806 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Resnik, L. J., Bradford, D. W., Glynn, S. M., Jette, A. M., Hernandez, C. J., & Wills, S. (2012) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2010.06.0107 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Appraising evidence on community integration following brain injury: a systematic review
Reistetter, T., & Abreu, B. C. (2005) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1002/oti.8 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Development of CRIS: Measure of community reintegration of injured service members
Resnik, L. J., Plow, M. A., & Jette, A. M. (2009) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2008.07.0082 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Kasprow, W. J., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2007) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2007.58.7.929 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Katz, L. S., Bloor, L. E., Cojucar, G., & Draper, T. L. (2007) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/1541-1559.4.4.239 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Occupational Performance Needs of Young Veterans
Plach, H. L., & Sells, C. H. (2012) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2013.003871 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Elnitsky, C., Andresen, E. M., Clark, M. E., McGarity, S., Hall, C., & Kerns, R. D. (2013) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-498 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationVeteran-Students in Transition at a Midwestern University
Schiavone, V., & Gentry, D. S. (2014) · The Journal of Continuing Higher Education · doi:10.1080/07377363.2014.872007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Patterns of positive readjustment in Vietnam combat veterans
Wolfe, J., Keane, T. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Mora, C. A., & Wine, P. R. (1993) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490060203 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Sayer, N. A., Orazem, R. J., Noorbaloochi, S., Gravely, A., Frazier, P., Carlson, K. F., Schnurr, P. P., & Oleson, H. (2015) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-014-0564-2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Meeting the needs of women veterans
Baechtold, M., & Sawal, D. M. D. (2009) · New Directions for Student Services · doi:10.1002/ss.314 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Theiss, J. A., & Knobloch, L. K. (2013) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12059 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Development and Validation of the Army Post-Deployment Reintegration Scale
Blais, A.-R., Thompson, M. M., & McCreary, D. R. (2009) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995600902914727 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Impact of Culture Clash on Deployed Troops
Greene, T., Buckman, J. E. J., Dandeker, C., & Greenberg, N. L. (2010) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-10-00146 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Women and Men Who Have Served in Afghanistan/Iraq: Coming Home
Beder, J., Coe, R., & Sommer, D. (2011) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2011.554279 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The psychology of transition: Adapting to home after deployment.
Zamorski, M. A., & Britt, T. W. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12300-006 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Partnering to assist disabled veterans in transition
DiRamio, D., & Spires, M. (2009) · New Directions for Student Services · doi:10.1002/ss.319 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Johnson, D. R., Feldman, S. C., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (1994) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/bf02102945 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Penk, W. E., Drebing, C. E., Rosenheck, R. A., Krebs, C., Ormer, A. V., & Mueller, L. N. (2010) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.2975/33.4.2010.297.307 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wehman, P., Gentry, T., West, M. D., & Arango‐Lasprilla, J. C. (2009) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2008.08.0105 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bringing the troops back home: Modeling the postdeployment reintegration experience.
Currie, S. L., Day, A., & Kelloway, E. K. (2011) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021724 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Post-Deployment Readjustment Inventory: Reliability, Validity, and Gender Differences
Katz, L. S., Cojucar, G., Davenport, C. T., Pedram, C., & Lindl, C. (2010) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995600903249222 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Prospective prediction of functional difficulties among recently separated Veterans
Larson, G. E., & Norman, S. B. (2014) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2013.06.0135 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Have You Ever Served in the Military?” campaign in partnership with the Joining Forces Initiative
Collins, E. G., Wilmoth, M. C., & Schwartz, L. (2013) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2013.07.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A scope of the problem: Post-deployment reintegration challenges in a National Guard Unit
Wilcox, S. L., Oh, H., Redmond, S. A., Chicas, J., Hassan, A. M., Lee, P.-J., & Ell, K. (2015) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-141935 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The mobilization and return of undergraduate students serving in the National Guard and Reserves
Bauman, M. (2009) · New Directions for Student Services · doi:10.1002/ss.312 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Casarett, D., Pickard, A., Bailey, F. A., Ritchie, C., Furman, C. D., Rosenfeld, K., Shreve, S., & Shea, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.03.008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Accommodating Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in the Academic Setting
Glover-Graf, N. M., Miller, E., & Freeman, S. (2010) · Rehabilitation Education · doi:10.1891/088970110805029921 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Drebing, C. E., Ormer, E. A. V., Mueller, L. N., Hebert, M., Penk, W. E., Petry, N. M., Rosenheck, R. A., & Rounsaville, B. J. (2007) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2006.09.0123 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Income and support during transition from a military to civilian career
Robertson, H. C. (2013) · Journal of Employment Counseling · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1920.2013.00022.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Scherrer, J. F., Widner, G., Shroff, M., Matthieu, M. M., Balan, S., van den Berk‐Clark, C., & Price, R. K. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00094 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Marital transitions among Vietnam-era repatriated prisoners of war
Cohan, C. L., Cole, S. W., & Davila, J. (2005) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407505058680 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Transition from the Afghanistan and Iraqi Battlefields to Home
Brown, N. D. (2008) · AAOHN Journal · doi:10.3928/08910162-20080801-01 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gaze Into the Long-term Care Crystal Ball: The Veterans Health Administration and Aging
Malphurs, F. L., & Striano, J. A. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/56.11.m666 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mental health outreach and screening among returning veterans: are we asking the right questions?
Bloeser, K. J., McCarron, K. K., Batorsky, B., Reinhard, M. J., Pollack, S. J., & AMDUR, R. L. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The enhanced reintegration action plan: the Madigan experience.
Bolton, K., Zimmerman, S., Marcus, E. B., Hunter, M., West, K. M., Hunt, A., & Lawrence, M. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Commentary on the Mental Health Advisory Team IV Operation Iraqi Freedom final report.
Grantz, K. L. (2007) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765607309944 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Ackerman R. DiRamio D. (eds.). (2009). Creating a Veteran-Friendly Campus: Strategies for Transition and Success: New Directions for Student Services (No. 126). San Francisco, CA: John Wiley and Sons.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Military service member and veteran reintegration: A critical review and adapted ecological model.
Elnitsky, C., Blevins, C. L., Fisher, M., & Magruder, K. M. (2017) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000244 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationThe deadly gap: Understanding suicide among veterans transitioning out of the military
Sokol, Y., Gromatsky, M. A., Edwards, E. R., Greene, A. L., Geraci, J. C., Harris, R. E., & Goodman, M. S. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113875 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Identifying factors that contribute to military veterans’ post‐military well‐being
Vogt, D. S., King, M. W., Borowski, S. C., Finley, E. P., Perkins, D. F., & Copeland, L. A. (2021) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12252 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Romaniuk, M., Fisher, G., Kidd, C., & Batterham, P. J. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02936-y · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Outside the Military “Bubble”: Life After Service for UK Ex-armed Forces Personnel
Gordon, K., Burnell, K. J., & Wilson, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00050 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Social isolation and well-being in veterans with mental illness
Grenawalt, T., Lu, J.-F., Hamner, K., Gill, C. C., & Umucu, E. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2021.2022625 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Davis, J. P., Prindle, J., Saba, S., Lee, D. S., Leightley, D., Tran, D. D., Sedano, A., Fitzke, R. E., Castro, C. A., & Pedersen, E. R. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722000733 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Definition of a veteran: the military viewed as a culture
Truusa, T.-T., & Castro, C. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815312-3.00002-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Elnitsky, C., Blevins, C. L., Warren‐Findlow, J., Alverio, T., & Wiese, D. (2017) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.10.008 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationTao, A. K., & Campbell, J. W. (2019) · Public Personnel Management · doi:10.1177/0091026019878210 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Veteran families with complex needs: a qualitative study of the veterans’ support system
Maguire, A. M., Keyser, J., Brown, K., Kivlahan, D. R., Romaniuk, M., Gardner, I. R., & Dwyer, M. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07368-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Military personnel’s stress reactivity during pre-deployment in a war zone
Кокун, О. М., Пішко, І. О., & Lozinska, N. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2104882 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Geraci, J. C., Mobbs, M. C., Edwards, E. R., Doerries, B., Armstrong, N. J., Porcarelli, R., Duffy, E., Loos, C. M., Kilby, D. J., Juanamarga, J., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01907 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Reconceptualizing the U.S. Military’s Transition Assistance Program: The Success in Transition Model
Whitworth, J. D., Smet, B., & Anderson, B. (2020) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v6i1.144 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ein, N., Gervasio, J., Cyr, K. S., Liu, J. J. W., Baker, C., Nazarov, A., & Richardson, J. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2024.1426202 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Slyke, R. V., & Armstrong, N. J. (2019) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x19845030 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hoffmire, C. A., Borowski, S. C., & Vogt, D. S. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12955 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Rattray, N. A., Flanagan, M., Salyers, M. P., Natividad, D. M., Do, A.-N., Frankel, R. M., Spontak, K., & Kukla, M. (2023) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v9i1.432 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Кокун, О. М., Пішко, І. О., & Lozinska, N. (2022) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.475041 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Enriched Life Scale Among US Military Veterans
Angel, C. M., Woldetsadik, M. A., McDaniel, J. T., Armstrong, N. J., Young, B. B., Linsner, R. K., & Pinter, J. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02181 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Reintegration for Post-treatment Cancer Survivors: A Concept Analysis
Ore, M. L., & Foli, K. J. (2019) · Journal of Holistic Nursing · doi:10.1177/0898010119883760 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Carra, K. A., Curtin, M., Fortune, T., & Gordon, B. A. (2021) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2021.1962180 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Resilience and Veteran Community Reintegration: An Exploratory Study
Castillo, E. A., Mason, J., D’Addario, A., Chow, G. M., & Tenenbaum, G. (2019) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2018.1534702 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lawrence, K. A., Matthieu, M. M., & Robertson‐Blackmore, E. (2019) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7338 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Angel, C. M., Woldetsadik, M. A., Armstrong, N. J., Young, B. B., Linsner, R. K., Maury, R., & Pinter, J. M. (2018) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/iby109 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
From Warrior Ethos to Obscurity: Veteran Reintegration Literature Review
Verkamp, K. M. (2021) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.12.016 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chavez, M., Blevins, K. R., Brown, C., Giles, A. J., Matthieu, M. M., Wester, M., Heuer, J. N., Hahm, B., Lind, J. D., Melillo, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v8i2.360 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Levin, C., Nenninger, S., Freundlich, D., Glatt, S., & Sokol, Y. (2023) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2023.2215697 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tarbet, Z., Moore, S., & Alanazi, A. (2021) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcaa133 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Edwards, E. R., Osterberg, T., Coolidge, B., Greene, A. L., Epshteyn, G., Gorman, D., Ruiz, D., & El‐Meouchy, P. (2023) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2023.2209006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Toward a System Theory of Stress, Resilience, and Reintegration
Etchin, A. G., Fonda, J. R., McGlinchey, R. E., & Howard, E. (2019) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/ans.0000000000000277 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Transition Needs Among Veterans Living With Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review
Patel, M., Jomy, J., Couban, R., Scelleur, H. L., & Busse, J. W. (2023) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usad363 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Koehmstedt, C., Lydick, S. E., Patel, D., Cai, X., Garfinkel, S., & Weinstein, A. A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203804 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kirk, M. A., Nolet, J. M., Adrian, A. L., & Knust, S. K. (2023) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usad103 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Romaniuk, M., Saunders-Dow, E., Brown, K., & Batterham, P. J. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02097-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Carra, K., Curtin, M., Fortune, T., & Gordon, B. (2023) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2022.2120312 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kerr, N. C., Lane, S. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., & Ashby, S. (2023) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v9i1.407 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Besterman‐Dahan, K., Hahm, B., Chavez, M., Heuer, J. N., Melillo, C., Lind, J. D., Dillahunt-Aspillaga, C. J., & Ottomanelli, L. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/42029 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Besterman‐Dahan, K., Hathaway, W. A., Chavez, M., Bradley, S., Orozco, T., Panaite, V., Lind, J. D., & Berumen, J. H. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/40496 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Фінансово-економічні механізми забезпечення реінтеграції ветеранів війни в Україні
Yehorycheva, S. (2024) · ЕКОНОМІКА І РЕГІОН Науковий вісник · doi:10.26906/eir.2024.3(94).3493 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Calnan, M., Blest‐Hopley, G., Busch, C., Adams, M., Ruffell, S., Piper, T., Roseman, L., Kettner, H., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70660 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Leightley, D., Dilkina, B., Pedersen, E. R., Dworkin, E. R., Saba, S. K., Howe, E. S., Thota, V. S. P., Nuthi, S., Sedano, A., & Davis, J. P. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0332239 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Long-term participation of Dutch service members with combat-related injury
de Kruijff, L. G. M., Schröder, C. D., Plat, M. C. J., van Dongen, T. T. C. F., Hoencamp, R., & van der Wurff, P. (2019) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqz157 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Daily uplifts, daily hassles, and coping in military veterans' post‐deployment reintegration
Larsson, G., Nilsson, S., & Ohlsson, A. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12949 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ratcliff, N. J., Nair, D., & Goldstein, J. R. (2019) · The Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.15.2.p148 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Петрик, О. Л. (2022) · Проблеми сучасних трансформацій Серія право публічне управління та адміністрування · doi:10.54929/2786-5746-2022-6-02-02 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
McGlinchey, E., Spikol, E., Robinson, M., Ross, J., & Armour, C. (2024) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0066 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yeager, J. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1799803 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Student Veterans’ Experiences of a Campus Veterans Center Revealed Through Photovoice
Yeager, J., & Rennie, M. (2020) · The Journal of Continuing Higher Education · doi:10.1080/07377363.2020.1813483 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Romaniuk, M., Fisher, G., Sunderland, M., & Batterham, P. J. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05032-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Carra, K. A., Curtin, M., Fortune, T., & Gordon, B. A. (2023) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/1440-1630.12858 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Community Reintegration of Veterans After Discharge: A Qualitative Look
Hauser, D. R., McConnell, C., Lawson, K., Smithey, C., Harrison, I., Oakley, R., Yarborough, A., & Kobe, S. (2025) · American Journal of Qualitative Research · doi:10.29333/ajqr/16535 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mackintosh, C., Reavill, N., O'Hanlon, R., & Roberts, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1609967 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Unpacking the Transition: A Phenomenological Study of Veteran College Students
Spencer, R. G., & Singleton, E. B. (2026) · American Journal of Qualitative Research · doi:10.29333/ajqr/17462 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Recreation-Based Programming for Veteran Families: Practitioners’ Perspective
Hicks, N. R., Sharaievska, I., Townsend, J., Tysor, D. A., & Miller, B. L. (2024) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v10i1.556 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Snapshot in Time Capturing Student Veterans’ Well-being: A Photovoice Study
Clary, K. L., Selber, K., Ortiz, R., & West, B. (2024) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v10i1.539 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Spikol, E., Ross, J., McGlinchey, E., & Armour, C. (2022) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x221112963 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reintegration of crisis services employees: a systematic literature review
Glorieux, V., Bue, S. L., & Euwema, M. (2023) · Journal of Global Mobility The Home of Expatriate Management Research · doi:10.1108/jgm-06-2022-0020 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
SOCIAL ADAPTATION OF SERVICEMEN IN MODERN SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
Жиленко, Р. В. (2019) · Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod University Series «Pedagogy Social Work» · doi:10.24144/2524-0609.2019.45.61-69 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Veteran Perspectives on Family-Serving Recreation and Leisure Programs
Hicks, N. R., Sharaievska, I., Tsykalova, L., Townsend, J., & Miller, B. L. (2025) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v11i1.675 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Experiences of Female Student Service Members and Veterans as Depicted Through Photovoice
Yeager, J. (2022) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0164212x.2021.2021124 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
DIRECTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK WITH VETERANS OF THE HYBRID WAR
Захаріна, Т. І. (2023) · Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod University Series «Pedagogy Social Work» · doi:10.24144/2524-0609.2023.52.55-59 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
College Warrior Athlete Initiative and academic nursing
Burgess, A. W., Thabault, P. J., Kiernan, L. C., Flaherty, E., & Leestma, K. (2019) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1621319 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rattray, N. A., Baird, S. A., Natividad, D. M., Spontak, K., Do, A.-N., Frankel, R. M., & True, G. (2024) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0079 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Measuring Multi-Dimensional Deprivation Among U.S. Veterans
Vick, B. C. (2020) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-020-02299-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Etchin, A. G., Fonda, J. R., Howard, E., Fortier, C. B., Milberg, W., Pounds, K. G., & McGlinchey, R. E. (2021) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2021.10.008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Вербицька, А. (2024) · Підприємництво та інновації · doi:10.32782/2415-3583/32.6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Duel, J., & Reijnen, A. (2024) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x241300521 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yaroshenko, O. M., МАЛЮГА, Л., Кравцов, Д. М., Halkina, N. M., & Zatynaichenko, K. V. (2025) · Work · doi:10.1177/10519815241312595 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Attitudes towards ATO/JFO veterans and their political activism in Ukraine
consultant, I. G. E. W. P. A. S., Kvit, A., & Martsenyuk, T. (2020) · Ukrainian society · doi:10.15407/socium2020.02.172 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Recognizing and Responding to Reintegration Difficulties Among Returning Service Members
O’Connell, K. K. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry Residents Journal · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2020.150410 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adjustment to Transitions: Definitions of Terms
Israelashvili, M. (2023) · Advances in prevention science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26700-0_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lanning, B. A., Mecate, C., & Evans-Warshaw, J. (2024) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v10i1.504 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Social Work with Military Servants – Participants of Anti-Terroristic Operation Released for Reserve
Arkhypova, S., & Bik, O. (2021) · Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University · doi:10.12958/2227-2844-2021-6(344)-1-64-77 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Beyond Access: Toward a Predictive Support Model for Student Veterans in Higher Education
Spencer, R. G. (2026) · Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory & Practice · doi:10.1177/15210251261420292 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Laskowski, C. M., & Camacho, V. M. (2026) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2026.051446 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Twamley, E. W., Keller, A. V., Maye, J. E., Austin, T. A., Zakrzewski, J. J., Campbell, L. M., Silverman, I. H., Pickell, D., Clark, J. M. R., Schy, M. Z., et al. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117175 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Denneson, L. M., Goldstick, J. E., Kemp, K. M., O'Shea, B., Chen, J. I., Pfeiffer, P. N., Carlson, K. F., & Britton, P. C. (2026) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.70097 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Building Trust and Connection: A Family Systems Perspective on Black Veteran Reintegration
Francis, L. (2026) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.70144 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mulligan, A., Lamrock, L., Hosseiny, F., Alves, J., Manteuffel, M., Haagen, J. F. G., Nazarov, A., Fossey, M. J., & Notarianni, M. (2026) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2025-0049 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wilson, S. R., Lavin, O. M., Powell, E., Martinez, S., & Wadsworth, S. M. (2026) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1080/15267431.2026.2719924 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alternative Approaches for Expanding the Air Force's Task Force True North Program
Schaefer, A. G., Ausink, J. A., Goughnour, T., Gore, K. L., Jackson, K., & Emslie, P. (2022) · Rand health quarterly · doi:10.7249/rhq-10-03-07 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Digital Learning Tools as a Means of Ukrainian Veterans’ Readaptation to Social Life
Balan, O., Shepel, M., & Morris, C. (2023) · Экономика: реалии времени · doi:10.15276/etr.04.2023.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Шерстюк, Р., Stoyko, I., & Maliuta, L. (2024) · Galician economic journal · doi:10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2024.01.205 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Foreign experience of professional and social adaptation of military
Malyovanyi, M., & Ulyanich, Y. (2023) · Socio-Economic Research Bulletin · doi:10.33987/vsed.3-4(86-87).2023.38-47 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reintegration of cyber veterans: challenges and strategies for post-war transition
Virtanen, T., Lassfolk, C., Davydiuk, A., & Noorma, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1373245 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Panza, K. E., Kline, A. C., Klein, A. B., Johnson, E., Davis, B. C., Lyons, M., Capone, C., & Norman, S. B. (2025) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2025.2479907 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Socio-economic integration of military veterans in Ukraine: Public perceptions and policy challenges
Samoliuk, N., Mishchuk, H., Bilan, Y. V., & Krol, V. (2025) · Problems and Perspectives in Management · doi:10.21511/ppm.23(4).2025.17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dunigan, M., Gore, K. L., Kidder, K., Schwille, M., Cherney, S., & Sladden, J. (2020) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr3220 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
My Veteran Identity (Crisis): Suicides and Reintegration
Hunniecutt, J. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93754-6_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Returning Veterans’ Experiences of a Holistic Therapeutic Program
Kanzki-Veloso, E. C., Yehl, A., Pann, J. M., Connolly, J., Grabner, S. S., Zoller, L., Staley, N., & Goldhagen, R. F. S. (2021) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2021.4697 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Postdeployment reintegration attitude of injured Dutch service members: a longitudinal study
de Kruijff, L. G. M., Plat, M. C. J., van Dongen, T. T. C. F., Hoencamp, R., & van der Wurff, P. (2020) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001468
蛋白関係 酸可溶性糖蛋白(ASP) (広範囲 血液・尿化学検査,免疫学的検査(第7版・1)その数値をどう読むか) -- (生化学的検査(1))
大谷, 慎. (2009) · 日本臨床
Hunniecutt, J. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93754-6_7
Besterman‐Dahan, K., Hathaway, W. A., Chavez, M., Bradley, S., Orozco, T., Panaite, V., Lind, J. D., & Berumen, J. H. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.40496
PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF READAPTATION OF POST-COMBATANTS AFTER THE RETURN FROM THE COMBAT ZONE
Voshkolup, H. (2022) · Bulletin of Alfred Nobel University Series Pedagogy and Psychology · doi:10.32342/2522-4115-2022-2-24-8
The Association between Early Life Trauma and Veteran Reintegration to Civilian Life
Mendez, P. M., Slifka, L. M., Daniels, L. B., & Hansen, C. (2023) · Journal of Military Social Work and Behavioral Health Services · doi:10.1080/21635781.2023.2267434
FEATURES OF PERSONAL ADAPTATION RESOURCES IN CONDITIONS OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR
Кологривова, Н. М. (2023) · PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK · doi:10.18524/2707-0409.2022.1-2.286667
- Authors
- Elnitsky, C. A., Fisher, M. P., & Blevins, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte (US)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Corresponding author
- Elnitsky, Christine A.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2017-03-14
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 369-369
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5348503
- OpenAlex
- W2596369108
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 32.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and Military Integration
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- veteran reintegration, transition to civilian life, social reintegration, stress-related disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
