The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Generative memory
Abstract
This paper explores the implications of the psychology of constructive memory for philosophical theories of the metaphysics of memory and for a central question in the epistemology of memory. I first develop a general interpretation of the psychology of constructive memory. I then argue, on the basis of this interpretation, for an updated version of Martin and Deutscher's influential causal theory of memory. I conclude by sketching the implications of this updated theory for the question of memory's status as a generative epistemic source.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Thus it may be that one of the only consistent differences between a memory and a vivid imagining is a relative difference in the fluency of construction (Michaelian, 2011), although even fluency differences can dissipate with repeated imaginings (Wiebels et al., 2019).”
From Mental Time Travel? A Neurocognitive Model of Event Simulation. (2020) · cites this paper as Michaelian, 2011
In the citing paper
“associative strength is the likely mechanism underlying the fluency of event simulations (cf.Michaelian, 2011).”
From Mental Time Travel? A Neurocognitive Model of Event Simulation. (2020) · cites this paper as Michaelian, 2011
Citations
Cites
McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O'Reilly, R. C. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.419 · Cited by 5,256
Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists.
Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803 · Cited by 3,792
Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.3 · Cited by 3,392
The Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System
Squire, L. R., & Zola-Morgan, S. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1896849 · Cited by 3,282
The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
D., C. P. (1979) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421932 · Cited by 2,946
Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.004 · Cited by 2,691
The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future
Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2087 · Cited by 1,836
Plantinga, A. (1993) · doi:10.1093/0195078640.001.0001 · Cited by 1,703
The Neurobiology of Consolidations, Or, How Stable is the Engram?
Dudai, Y. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142050 · Cited by 1,671
Johnson, M. K., & Raye, C. L. (1981) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.88.1.67 · Cited by 1,658
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Johnson MK, 1988, Delusional beliefs, 34
- Sutton J, 2009, Crossroads, 4, 79
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The psychology of memory, extended cognition, and socially distributed remembering
Sutton, J. D., Harris, C. B., Keil, P. G., & Barnier, A. J. (2010) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-010-9182-y · Cited by 398
Is memory for remembering? Recollection as a form of episodic hypothetical thinking
Brigard, F. D. (2013) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-013-0247-7 · Cited by 404
Why do we remember? The communicative function of episodic memory
Mahr, J. B., & Csibra, G. (2017) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x17000012 · Cited by 371
Mental Time Travel? A Neurocognitive Model of Event Simulation.
Addis, D. R. (2020) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-020-00470-0 · Cited by 225
Are episodic memories special? On the sameness of remembered and imagined event simulation
Addis, D. R. (2018) · Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · doi:10.1080/03036758.2018.1439071 · Cited by 193
Werning, M. (2020) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-020-00471-z · Cited by 151
Dissociating memory traces and scenario construction in mental time travel
Cheng, S., Werning, M., & Suddendorf, T. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.011 · Cited by 144
What is episodic memory if it is a natural kind?
Cheng, S., & Werning, M. (2014) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-014-0628-6 · Cited by 105
Confabulation and constructive memory
Robins, S. (2017) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-017-1315-1 · Cited by 94
The Epistemology of Forgetting
Michaelian, K. (2010) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-010-9232-4 · Cited by 89
Self-citationRepresenting the past: memory traces and the causal theory of memory
Robins, S. (2016) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-016-0647-x · Cited by 92
Michaelian, K. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01857 · Cited by 75
Self-citationRobins, S. K. (2016) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2015.1113245 · Cited by 88
Collective mental time travel: remembering the past and imagining the future together
Michaelian, K., & Sutton, J. D. (2017) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-017-1449-1 · Cited by 75
Self-citationScaffolded Memory and Metacognitive Feelings
Arango-Muñoz, S. (2013) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-012-0124-1 · Cited by 69
McCarroll, C. J., Michaelian, K., & Nánay, B. (2022) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-022-00629-4 · Cited by 61
Self-citationCue generation and memory construction in direct and generative autobiographical memory retrieval
Harris, C. B., O’Connor, A. R., & Sutton, J. D. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.12.012 · Cited by 68
Preservationism in the Epistemology of Memory
Frise, M. (2016) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.1093/pq/pqw074 · Cited by 54
A Causal Theory of Mnemonic Confabulation
Bernecker, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01207 · Cited by 56
Is external memory memory? Biological memory and extended mind
Michaelian, K. (2012) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.04.008 · Cited by 53
Self-citationIn defence of gullibility: the epistemology of testimony and the psychology of deception detection
Michaelian, K. (2009) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-009-9573-1 · Cited by 49
Self-citationRadicalizing simulationism: Remembering as imagining the (nonpersonal) past
Michaelian, K. (2022) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2022.2082934 · Cited by 52
Self-citationMemory without content? Radical enactivism and (post)causal theories of memory
Michaelian, K., & Sant’Anna, A. (2019) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-019-02119-7 · Cited by 45
Self-citationBoundary extension as mental imagery
Nánay, B. (2021) · Analysis · doi:10.1093/analys/anab023 · Cited by 42
A Model of Semantic Completion in Generative Episodic Memory
Fayyaz, Z., Altamimi, A., Zoellner, C., Klein, N., Wolf, O. T., Cheng, S., & Wiskott, L. (2022) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_01520 · Cited by 43
SINGULARISM about Episodic Memory
Andonovski, N. (2020) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-020-00464-y · Cited by 42
Luzzi, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108649278 · Cited by 37
Imagining the past reliably and unreliably: towards a virtue theory of memory
Michaelian, K. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03125-4 · Cited by 37
Self-citationLangland‐Hassan, P. (2022) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-022-03635-9 · Cited by 39
Michaelian, K. (2012) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2012.01445.x · Cited by 35
Self-citationEpistemic innocence and the production of false memory beliefs
Puddifoot, K., & Bortolotti, L. (2018) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-018-1038-2 · Cited by 39
Brigard, F. D. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108955447 · Cited by 33
The information effect: constructive memory, testimony, and epistemic luck
Michaelian, K. (2011) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-011-9992-7 · Cited by 40
Self-citationBeyond the episodic–semantic continuum: the multidimensional model of mental representations
Addis, D. R., & Szpunar, K. K. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0408 · Cited by 41
Michaelian, K. (2018) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-018-9591-z · Cited by 33
Self-citationMemory as Triage: Facing Up to the Hard Question of Memory
Andonovski, N. (2020) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-020-00514-5 · Cited by 32
Remembering the Personal Past: Beyond the Boundaries of Imagination
McCarroll, C. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585352 · Cited by 31
An exploration into enactive forms of forgetting
Caravà, M. (2020) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-020-09670-6 · Cited by 28
Bernecker, S., & Grundmann, T. (2017) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.1111/phpr.12469 · Cited by 27
Khalidi, M. A. (2020) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/710020 · Cited by 26
Simulationism and the Function(s) of Episodic Memory
Schwartz, A. (2020) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-020-00461-1 · Cited by 26
From authenticism to alethism: Against McCarroll on observer memory
Michaelian, K., & Sant’Anna, A. (2021) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-021-09772-9 · Cited by 25
Self-citationDistributed Remembering Through Active Structuring of Activities and Environments
Dahlbäck, N., Kristiansson, M., & Stjernberg, F. (2013) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-012-0122-3 · Cited by 25
Fawns, T. (2019) · Memory Studies · doi:10.1177/1750698019829891 · Cited by 25
Crosscutting psycho-neural taxonomies: the case of episodic memory
Khalidi, M. A. (2017) · Philosophical Explorations · doi:10.1080/13869795.2017.1312501 · Cited by 25
Sant’Anna, A. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-018-1753-4 · Cited by 25
Aronowitz, S. (2018) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/mila.12220 · Cited by 23
Imagination as a generative source of justification
Miyazono, K., & Tooming, U. (2023) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/nous.12458 · Cited by 23
Epistemic Generation in Memory
Fernández, J. (2015) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.1111/phpr.12189 · Cited by 23
Thinking About Events: A Pragmatist Account of the Objects of Episodic Hypothetical Thought
Sant’Anna, A., & Michaelian, K. (2018) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-018-0391-6 · Cited by 22
Self-citationPerrin, D., & Rousset, S. (2014) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-014-0196-1 · Cited by 21
Contiguity and the causal theory of memory
Robins, S. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00455091.2016.1209964 · Cited by 20
Basic knowledge and the normativity of knowledge: The awareness‐first solution
Silva, P. (2021) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.1111/phpr.12754 · Cited by 18
From little acorns..: environmental action as a source of well-being for schoolchildren
Waite, S., Goodenough, A., Norris, V., & Puttick, N. (2016) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643944.2015.1119879 · Cited by 19
Is mental time travel real time travel?
Barkasi, M., & Rosen, M. G. (2020) · Philosophy and the Mind Sciences · doi:10.33735/phimisci.2020.1.28 · Cited by 17
Optogenetics and the mechanism of false memory
Robins, S. (2016) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-016-1045-9 · Cited by 18
Openshaw, J. (2023) · Philosophical Perspectives · doi:10.1111/phpe.12191 · Cited by 16
Internalism and the Problem of Stored Beliefs
Frise, M. (2016) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-016-9817-7 · Cited by 15
Attitudes and the (dis)continuity between memory and imagination
Sant’Anna, A. (2021) · Estudios de Filosofía · doi:10.17533/udea.ef.n64a04 · Cited by 15
Epistemic and non‐Epistemic Theories of Remembering
James, S. (2016) · Pacific philosophical quarterly · doi:10.1111/papq.12157 · Cited by 15
Andonovski, N. (2024) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-024-04801-x · Cited by 14
Mental Time Travel and Disjunctivism
Aranyosi, I. A. (2020) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-020-00467-9 · Cited by 14
Unsuccessful Remembering: A Challenge for the Relational View of Memory
Sant’Anna, A. (2020) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-020-00261-0 · Cited by 14
What Sort of Imagining Might Remembering Be?
Langland‐Hassan, P. (2021) · Journal of the American Philosophical Association · doi:10.1017/apa.2020.28 · Cited by 14
Personal Identity and Trivial Survival
Sauchelli, A. (2019) · Theoria · doi:10.1111/theo.12205 · Cited by 13
(Social) Metacognition and (Self-)Trust
Michaelian, K. (2012) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-012-0099-y · Cited by 13
Self-citationJFGI: FROM DISTRIBUTED COGNITION TO DISTRIBUTED RELIABILISM*
Michaelian, K. (2014) · Philosophical Issues · doi:10.1111/phis.12036 · Cited by 12
Self-citationMeditation and the scope of mental action
Upton, C. L., & Brent, M. (2018) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2018.1514491 · Cited by 12
Metacognition As Evidence for Evidentialism
Frise, M. (2018) · Synthese Library/Synthese library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95993-1_7 · Cited by 11
Situated Affects and Place Memory
Sutton, J. D. (2024) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-024-10053-8 · Cited by 11
Mental time travel and the philosophy of memory
Sant’Anna, A. (2018) · Filosofia Unisinos · doi:10.4013/fsu.2018.191.06 · Cited by 11
Consolidation of Episodic Memory: An Epiphenomenon of Semantic Learning
Cheng, S. (2017) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45066-7_4 · Cited by 9
The justification of reconstructive and reproductive memory beliefs
Salvaggio, M. (2017) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-017-0886-5 · Cited by 9
Puddifoot, K. (2018) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2018.42 · Cited by 10
Millière, R., & Newen, A. (2022) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-022-00562-6 · Cited by 9
Episodic Memory as Re-Experiential Memory: Kantian, Developmental, and Neuroscientific Currents
Russell, J. A. (2014) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-014-0194-3 · Cited by 9
Consumer-side reference through promiscuous memory traces
Barkasi, M. (2024) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-024-04509-y · Cited by 8
Remembering Dreams: Parasitic Reference by Minimal Traces in Memories from Non-veridical Experiences
Werning, M., & Liefke, K. (2012) · Synthese Library/Synthese library · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68204-9_6 · Cited by 8
Memory: Irreducible, Basic, and Primary Source of Knowledge
Tucker, A. (2017) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-017-0336-5 · Cited by 8
Causation in memory: necessity, reliability and probability
Andonovski, N. (2022) · Achta Scientiarum Human Social Science · doi:10.4025/actascihumansoc.v43i3.61493 · Cited by 8
James, S. P. (2014) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-014-0492-4 · Cited by 8
Diachronicity Matters! How Semantics Supports Discontinuism About Remembering and Imagining
Liefke, K., & Werning, M. (2024) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-024-10068-1 · Cited by 7
Just Simulating? Linguistic Support for Continuism About Remembering and Imagining
Liefke, K. (2024) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-024-00751-y · Cited by 7
A Hybrid Theory of Event Memory
Ménager, D., Choi, D., & Robins, S. (2021) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-021-09578-3 · Cited by 9
Reviving the naïve realist approach to memory
Sant’Anna, A., & Barkasi, M. (2022) · Philosophy and the Mind Sciences · doi:10.33735/phimisci.2022.9192 · Cited by 7
The Role of Memory Science in the Philosophy of Memory
Robins, S. (2022) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12880 · Cited by 10
Foley, M. A. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1387667 · Cited by 8
Memory, Knowledge, and Epistemic Luck
Lai, C. (2021) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.1093/pq/pqab064 · Cited by 6
Remembering is not a kind of knowing
Lai, C. (2022) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-022-03814-8 · Cited by 6
Trakas, M. (2019) · Les ateliers de l éthique · doi:10.7202/1071139ar · Cited by 6
Entwistle, M. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-024-04869-5 · Cited by 6
What makes a mental state feel like a memory: feelings of pastness and presence
Rosen, M. G., & Barkasi, M. (2021) · Estudios de Filosofía · doi:10.17533/udea.ef.n64a05 · Cited by 5
Epistemological issues in neurodivergence and atypical cognition: introduction
García, C. L., & del Mercado, A. V. (2023) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-023-04100-x · Cited by 5
Bergmark, U., Dahlbäck, A.-C., Hagström, A.-K., & Viklund, S. (2023) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650792.2023.2229870 · Cited by 5
The debate about the accuracy conditions of episodic memory: a critical overview
Sant’Anna, A., & Camillo, J. C. (2025) · Asian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s44204-025-00347-y · Cited by 4
Werning, M., & Liefke, K. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-04936-5 · Cited by 4
Att leda med omsorg: fyra handledningsmetaforer i aktionsforskning
Bergmark, U., Dahlbäck, A.-C., Hagström, A.-K., & Viklund, S. (2021) · Pedagogisk forskning i Sverige · doi:10.15626/pfs27.02.02 · Cited by 4
Constitutive Self-Consciousness
Millière, R. (2024) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2024.2417750 · Cited by 4
Fayyaz, Z., Righetti, F., Wiskott, L., & Werning, M. (2025) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2025.2522966 · Cited by 4
Naylor, A. (2015) · Pacific philosophical quarterly · doi:10.1111/papq.12076 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Michaelian, K.
- Corresponding author
- Michaelian, Kourken
- ORCID
- Michaelian, Kourken
- Venue
- Philosophical Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 323-342
- ISSN
- 0951-5089 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-394X
- OpenAlex
- W4246883223
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 36.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Philosophical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- constructive memory, epistemology of memory, psychology of memory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review