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The role of scale in integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation in cities
Open accessAbstract
By using a scale framework, we examine how cross-scale interactions influence the implementation of climate adaptation and mitigation actions in different urban sectors. Based on stakeholder interviews and content analysis of strategies and projects relevant to climate adaptation and mitigation in the cities of Copenhagen and Helsinki, we present empirical examples of synergies, conflicts and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation that are driven by the cross-scale interactions. These examples show that jurisdictional and institutional scales shape the implementation of adaptation and mitigation strategies, projects and tasks at the management scale, creating benefits of integrated solutions, but also challenges. Investigating the linkages between adaptation and mitigation through a scale framework provides new knowledge for urban climate change planning and decision-making. The results increase the understanding of why adaptation and mitigation are sometimes handled as two separate policy areas and also why attempts to integrate the two policies may fail.
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TL;DR
Using a scale framework, this paper examines how cross-scale interactions shape the integration of climate adaptation and mitigation in Copenhagen and Helsinki. It finds that jurisdictional and institutional scales influence management-scale implementation, producing both synergies and conflicts or trade-offs, with 11 empirical examples identified.
Key findings
- Across interviews and policy documents, the authors identified 11 examples of conflicts, synergies, and trade-offs caused by cross-scale interactions in two contexts: urban densification and energy efficiency of buildings (mitigation), and surface runoff and urban heat management (adaptation); 8 examples were in Copenhagen and 3 in Helsinki.
- Jurisdictional-management and institutional-management interactions can cause trade-offs and conflicts and hinder integration; drivers include differences in perceptions and priorities among local jurisdictions and a limited institutional framework, such as narrow tenders, legal restrictions, and national climate policy priorities.
- Synergies include Copenhagen building energy efficiency tied to flood protection, green roofs and walls that delay rainwater and reduce air-conditioning needs, the Act on Municipal Cooling Systems, and the HOFOR merger of energy and water services; in Helsinki, Helen Oy’s district heating and cooling system supports energy efficiency while being prepared for extreme weather.
- Conflicts and trade-offs include Copenhagen groundwater pumps increasing energy demand and measurement difficulties due to landownership; in Helsinki, energy-efficiency requirements have been prioritized over material durability, and adaptation measures requiring physical space compete with densification for mitigation.
Methods
- Comparative case study of Copenhagen and Helsinki, selected for ambitious climate goals and similar climate risks, size, and institutional settings; populations were about 585,000 in Copenhagen and 613,000 in Helsinki, with carbon-neutral targets by 2025 and 2050 respectively.
- Semi-structured in-depth interviews with 29 stakeholders (28 face-to-face and 1 via Skype), each approximately one hour, conducted in Helsinki in May, June, and September 2013 (16 organizations) and in Copenhagen in September and October 2013 (10 organizations); interviewees came from public-sector organizations and private-sector organizations, including one local NGO and two consulting companies.
- Content analysis of policy documents and projects: Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Strategy to the Year 2030, Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, and Kalasatama district; CPH 2025 Climate Plan, CPH Climate Adaptation Plan, and Skt. Kjeld’s district; material was coded with ATLAS.ti 7 using an a priori coding structure and data triangulation.
Limitations
- Stated: the study is limited to Copenhagen and Helsinki; the authors note the framework could be applied to a larger sample of cities, and a larger variation could allow comparisons between significantly different cities, such as in developing and developed countries.
- Stated: it is not feasible to analyze all possible scale interactions because there is a plurality of views on how scale and scale interactions can be understood.
- Evident from the text: the study focuses mainly on the public-sector point of view, and the interviews were conducted in 2013, so the empirical findings reflect that period.
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47 Not checked yet · 30 Own result · 18 Own interpretation · 6 No basis given · 3 Own method
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In the paper
“In addition, further analysis reveals 'drivers' of conflicts, synergies and trade-offs that can help explain why certain factors along different scales cause challenges for integration of adaptation and mitigation.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight of these were identified in Copenhagen and three in Helsinki.”
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In the paper
“We identified two conflicts in the water sector, where the Copenhagen adaptation strategy (City of Copenhagen 2011) indicates that in practice, the increasing use of groundwater pumps by the water sector to avoid flood damage can be in conflict with mitigation efforts due to increasing demand for energy (Fig. 4, example 1).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites City of Copenhagen 2011
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In Copenhagen, the Act on Municipal Cooling Systems (No. 465 of 2008) tries to alleviate this conflict by increasing energy efficiency of buildings and alternative air-conditioning (e.g. district cooling).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Act on Municipal Cooling Systems (No. 465 of 2008)
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on stakeholder interviews and content analysis of strategies and projects relevant to climate adaptation and mitigation in the cities of Copenhagen and Helsinki, we present empirical examples of synergies, conflicts and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation that are driven by the cross-scale interactions.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“First, one synergy in Copenhagen was identified in the building sector. The Copenhagen Adaptation Plan (City of Copenhagen 2011) denotes that buildings should be designed in an energy efficient way to support mitigation, and, at the same time, reduce risk of flooding by flood protection techniques such as sealed basements that function as adaptation measures to protect buildings (Fig. 2, example 1”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites City of Copenhagen 2011
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our empirical material (interviews, documents) reveals 11 examples of conflicts, synergies and trade-offs in the two empirical contexts caused by cross-scale interactions that can help explain the inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation and reasons why integration of the policies succeed or fail.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In Helsinki we identified one conflict in the context of urban densification and energy efficiency of buildings. There is a conflict caused by energy efficiency requirements (institutional scale) to reduce emissions that have to be re-considered at the jurisdictional scale since emission reduction and energy efficiency regulations for building design have been stricter so far or have had higher”
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In the paper
“The third synergy is identified in the jurisdictional scale's influence on the Copenhagen adaptation strategy that appears to be the cooperation of energy and water sectors: the merger of Copenhagen's formerly separate energy service and water service organizations to HOFOR allows for the cooperation of the energy and the water sector, as HOFOR represents both adaptation and mitigation”
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In the paper
“In this study, we present multiple ways how cross-scale interactions directly influence the integration of adaptation and mitigation: they hinder the possibilities for integration, force to make trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation, but sometimes also enhance the integration of adaptation and mitigation by providing synergies.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The third synergy was identified in the Sankt Kjeld's project district, related to 'future-proofing' of dwellings. A number of energy improvements and green developments, such as such as solar power cells, passive sun heating and local drainage of rainwater are being promoted but further improvements are needed (The Integrated Urban Renewal in Skt. Kjeld's 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites The Integrated Urban Renewal in Skt. Kjeld's 2011
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In the paper
“Also, the 'mitigation' strategy of Copenhagen (City of Copenhagen 2012, 10) denotes that when renovating homes, materials such as green roofs, can help manage rainwater and provide more comfortable indoor climate at the same time. This reduces the need to use electricity-based conventional cooling systems.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites City of Copenhagen 2012
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In the paper
“The purpose of the Act on Municipal Cooling Systems (No. 465 of 2008) is to increase the energy efficiency of buildings and reduce the use of conventional air-conditioning, due to the urban heat island effect (Fig. 3, example 1).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Act on Municipal Cooling Systems (No. 465 of 2008)
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In the paper
“This kind of evaluation was done on a voluntary basis as part of the development of Kalasatama district in Helsinki and it took the form of a report (Wahlgren, Kuismanen and Makkonen 2007). The Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) together with the City Planning Department of Helsinki prepared it.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wahlgren, Kuismanen and Makkonen 2007
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In the paper
“Second, the Copenhagen Adaptation Plan (City of Copenhagen 2011, 58) mentions the potential of green spaces in both surface runoff management and regulating indoor temperatures of buildings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites City of Copenhagen 2011
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, an evaluation of measures would be important but here the landownership (property ownership) appears again problematic, leading to difficulties in measuring the impacts of adaptation on mitigation, and vice versa (jurisdictional scale) (Fig. 4, example 2):”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It also mentions that building regulations (institutional scale) can be applied to keep storm water away from buildings and assure good indoor temperature conditions in buildings (City of Copenhagen 2011, 77).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites City of Copenhagen 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These examples show that jurisdictional and institutional scales shape the implementation of adaptation and mitigation strategies, projects and tasks at the management scale, creating benefits of integrated solutions, but also challenges.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The second synergy was identified as part of the city administration's climate work in Copenhagen, namely the mitigation strategy (City of Copenhagen 2012), which provides an analysis, demonstration and implementation roadmap for energy efficient buildings. The strategy states that new buildings should be constructed so that they cover both climate adaptation and low energy use requirements (Fig.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites City of Copenhagen 2012
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The project Sankt Kjeld's presents examples of the synergies of green roofs and green walls that delay the water's passage to the sewer system during heavy rainfalls and also reduce the need for energy-consuming air-conditioning in the example of the urban heat island effect (The Integrated Urban Renewal in Skt. Kjeld's 2011, City of Copenhagen 2013).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites The Integrated Urban Renewal in Skt. Kjeld's 2011
- Not checked yetcites City of Copenhagen 2013
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“An example of the current situation is that the Kalasatama smart grid system allows a testing ground for smart future energy solutions, and at the same time the district takes into account sea level rise and potential floods in all of its planning and construction, including the smart grid system (SITRA, Tekes and VTT 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites SITRA, Tekes and VTT 2011
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study, we present multiple ways how cross-scale interactions directly influence the integration of adaptation and mitigation: they hinder the possibilities for integration, force to make trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation, but sometimes also enhance the integration of adaptation and mitigation by providing synergies.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Also, our findings indicate that adaptation has received less attention and is less institutionalized than mitigation in Helsinki, where the latter is still strongly driven by international agreements and steered by national government, as also found by Juhola (2013).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Juhola (2013)
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Based on a draft master plan for the district, the report includes an assessment and evaluation of potential climate change impacts, suggestions for adaptation measures and calculations of greenhouse gas emissions for the district (Wahlgren, Kuismanen and Makkonen 2007) (Fig. 5, example 1).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wahlgren, Kuismanen and Makkonen 2007
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In the paper
“We found two instances; one trade-off and one synergy, where adaptation affects mitigation the context of how surface runoff and urban heat management are carried out in Helsinki.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“From the institutional point of view, the legal framework is also not considered optimal for integrated solutions in Copenhagen, and there are legislative restrictions for integration (institutional scale) that affect the jurisdictional setting:”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This is a common practice of Helen Oy in Helsinki, a city-owned commercial energy provider (Fig. 7, example 1), which has been a worldwide pioneer in developing district heating and cooling (DHC) technologies (Riipinen 2013).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Riipinen 2013
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In the paper
“The whole system of DHC plants in Helsinki has been built to increase energy efficiency of the city (mitigation) but at the same time assuring that this system keeps the city energy secure, which also means that the system is prepared for climate risks (adaptation, although not because of a specific adaptation objective but rather energy policy driven), such as from extreme weather events:”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Based on our analysis, two issues emerge: first, differences in perceptions and priorities how policy implementation should take place, and second, limited institutional framework to integrate adaptation with mitigation.”
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In the paper
“Helsinki implements proactive actions and has operating rules in place to protect energy supply (a critical function for energy efficiency) from extreme weather events, such as sea level rise or storm surges.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In terms of investments, calls for tenders are sometimes considered too narrow to invest in both:”
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In the paper
“Conflicts, defined by OED (2015) as 'a serious incompatibility between two or more opinions, principles, or interests', can appear when an attempt to find integrated solutions for adaptation and mitigation in urban planning fails, or the two climate policies are implemented in 'silos'”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walsh et al. 2011
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, lack of financial resources or competing policy goals of city administrations can hinder the policy integration in cities.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Landauer, Juhola and Söderholm 2015
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In the paper
“When dealing with climate risks in local urban contexts, adaptation reduces the city's sensitivity, while mitigation reduces to exposure to climate change impacts (Yohe and Strzebek, 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yohe and Strzebek, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Previous studies have indicated that adaptation and mitigation are complementary, interlinked policy areas.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yohe and Strzebek, 2007
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In the paper
“It has further been argued that governance systems are currently unable to address the role that the scale interactions might have (Termeer and Dewulf 2014), leading to inadequate responses to environmental and socio-economic threats, such as climate change.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Termeer and Dewulf 2014
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In the paper
“Despite this interest, it is argued that the concept of scale itself and its implications has been an understudied area, in social sciences in particular (Gibson et al. 2000, Padt et al. 2014) and a persistent issue of conceptual ambiguity and imprecision (Padt and Arts, 2014).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gibson et al. 2000
- Not checked yetcites Padt et al. 2014
- Not checked yetcites Padt and Arts, 2014
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In the paper
“Differences in policy objectives across multiple scales have been frequently noted as a reason for the dichotomy between adaptation and mitigation when these two policies are being implemented (Goklany 2007, Biesbroek, Swart and van der Knaap Wim 2009).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goklany 2007
- Not checked yetcites Biesbroek, Swart and van der Knaap Wim 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results increase the understanding of why adaptation and mitigation are sometimes handled as two separate policy areas and also why attempts to integrate the two policies may fail.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the two case cities are fairly similar with respect to climate risks, size of the cities, and institutional settings.”
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additionally, considering the temporal scale, greenhouse gases have a long residence time in the atmosphere and the benefits of mitigation will be evidenced after several decades, although co-benefits such as air pollution reduction can be observed in the short run.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IPCC 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The coding structure was developed a priori.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In both Copenhagen and Helsinki, the climate objectives and motivation are not solely the result of national or international requirements (top-down), but these cities have been very active in initiating and developing their own climate agendas, and are part of some climate networks (bottom-up), such as many other cities (see Bulkeley 2005, Bulkeley and Betsill 2005, Betsill and Bulke”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bulkeley 2005
- Not checked yetcites Bulkeley and Betsill 2005
- Not checked yetcites Betsill and Bulkeley 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, in many Nordic cities the implementation of climate change related measures happens within the framework of national policy and regulations, a trend also observed elsewhere (cf. Jordan, Wurzel, and Zito 2005, Peters 2014).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jordan, Wurzel, and Zito 2005
- Not checked yetcites Peters 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This means that climate change initiatives of city networks can drive local adaptation and bypass the state. This makes cities to 'translocal sites' rather than a level embedded in a hierarchical structure of city and state (Bulkeley 2005, p. 887, Bulkeley and Betsill 2013).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bulkeley 2005
- Not checked yetcites Bulkeley and Betsill 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The audio-recordings were transcribed and responses verified (following Guion, Diehl, and McDonald 2011, 2).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guion, Diehl, and McDonald 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Considering the spatial scale, adaptation actions are mainly beneficial at the local level. Adaptation measures can reduce vulnerability to climate variability in the long term also, but the effectiveness of adaptation measures can become 'visible' immediately (IPCC 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IPCC 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interview question format was open-ended and an interview guide helped the interviewers to focus on the key topics, to maintain consistency, and to 'stay on track'.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the Copenhagen's adaptation strategy ties together the two otherwise unrelated legal requirements for energy efficiency and flood protection and reveals how synergies can be created.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, IPCC (2007) states that mitigation efforts are mainly a global responsibility and provide global benefits.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IPCC 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although mitigation is still quite often better institutionalized than adaptation (cf. Anguelowski and Carmen 2011), especially Copenhagen is investing heavily in adaptation actions, partially due to the past flood events, such as a cloudburst event in 2011.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anguelowski and Carmen 2011
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cities across the world are now managing both climate adaptation and mitigation to prepare for risks and impacts (Rosenzweig et al. 2017 in press ) with their own initiatives and by means of networks, such as the Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) (Betsill and Bulkeley 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rosenzweig et al. 2017 in press
- Not checked yetcites Betsill and Bulkeley 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, this often takes place without proper coordination or available resources from the state for adaptation and mitigation and their implementation would still quite often require state involvement and public policy-making (Juhola and Westerhoff 2011, Dannevik, Rauken, and Hovelsrud 2012, Dymén and Langlais 2013).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Juhola and Westerhoff 2011
- Not checked yetcites Dannevik, Rauken, and Hovelsrud 2012
- Not checked yetcites Dymén and Langlais 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found the combination of interviews and policy document analysis useful in identifying scale interactions.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Application of this scale framework improves understanding of the inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These different perceptions 'drive' a conflict on the ground, while hindering such an integrated action to be implemented, and instead, could support an alternative option to be realized, which is only beneficial for one of the two policy objectives.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on the findings, we conclude that an empirical examination of linkages between adaptation and mitigation through the scale framework provides new knowledge for urban climate change planning and decision-making to better understand the scales at which the two climate policies overlap, interplay and influence the decisions and practices of adaptation and mitigation.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
The public sector still plays an important role in implementing climate policies and practices in Nordic countries.
“Understanding the role of public sector is important because the public sector still plays an important role in implementing climate policies and practices in Nordic countries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The translation of global climate policies into regional and local level management practices is not a straightforward process.
“However, the translation of global climate policies into regional and local level management practices is not a straightforward process.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Synergies have been discovered in Copenhagen between energy efficiency and flood protection criteria for building design.”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Landauer et al. 2018
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the study discovered a contradiction in which a higher capacity of groundwater pumps was necessary to regulate floodwater, resulting in increased energy consumption.”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Landauer et al. 2018
In the citing paper
“In Helsinki, strong national policies on energy-efficient building design compelled municipal governments to prioritize mitigation measures such as building insulation over adaptation measures such as using durable materials to safeguard buildings from flooding.”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Landauer et al. 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 2.2. Cross-scale interaction · p. 7
“In the two empirical contexts - how mitigation affects adaptation and how adaptation affects adaptation, the scale framework helps considering whether the implementation of adaptation and mitigation should be done separately or in an integrated manner.”
§ 2.2. Cross-scale interaction · p. 8
“In this study, we present the results of adaptation and mitigation inter-relationships and scale interactions in the case cities in two empirical contexts in the case cities: (1) mitigation affecting adaptation (2) adaptation affecting mitigation.”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Landauer, M., Juhola, S., & Klein, J.
- Affiliations
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (AT)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Geological Survey of Finland (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Landauer, Mia
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Planning and Management
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2018-04-03
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 741-765
- ISSN
- 0964-0568 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0559
- OpenAlex
- W2783728736
- Semantic Scholar
- 1a1e0258d4fb1bea584df68a0fcab10d97b4676c
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Planning and Management (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- LaCRIS (University of Lapland) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Norden Top-level Research Initiative sub-programme ‘Effect Studies and Adaptation to Climate Change’.
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Sustainable Development
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Keywords
- climate change adaptation, climate change mitigation, cross-scale interactions, urban climate policy, institutional scale, urban climate planning, Copenhagen, Helsinki, stakeholder perspectives
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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