Analytical framework to evaluate the level of integration of climate adaptation and mitigation in cities
Open accessAbstract
Reduction of carbon emissions and climate-resilience in cities are becoming important objectives to be achieved in order to ensure sustainable urban development pathways. Traditionally, cities have treated climate mitigation and adaptation strategies in isolation, without addressing their potential synergies, conflicts or trade-offs. Recent studies have shown that this can lead to inefficiencies in urban planning, conflicting policy objectives and lost opportunities for synergistic actions. However, in the last few years, we have observed that cities are increasingly moving towards addressing both mitigation and adaptation in urban planning. Cities need to pay particular attention and understand the rationale of both policy objectives whilst considering the integration of the two policies in urban planning and decision-making. This study presents an analytical framework to evaluate the level of integration of climate mitigation and adaptation in cities’ local climate action plans. We tested this framework in nine selected major cities, representatives from all inhabited continents, which are frontrunners in climate action both in their regions and globally. We applied the framework in order to evaluate the level of mitigation and adaptation integration in cities’ CCAPs and further explored the different types of mitigation—adaptation interrelationships that have been considered. A scoring system was also devised in order to allow comparing and ranking of the different CCAPs for their level of integration of adaptation and mitigation. The paper draws good practices to support cities in developing climate change action plans in an integrated way.
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Constructing green walls and rooftops is one method of mitigating and adapting to climate change in buildings.
“Constructing green walls and rooftops are one method of mitigating and adapting to climate change in buildings (Grafakos et al. 2019).”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Grafakos et al. 2019
Green walls and rooftops can mitigate climate change by reducing heat islands, lowering energy usage, and sequestering carbon.
“Green walls and rooftops can mitigate climate change by reducing heat islands, lowering energy usage, and sequestering carbon.”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Grafakos et al. 2019
Green roofs increase stormwater management, allowing for adaptation to climate change-related flooding.
“Additionally, green roofs increase stormwater management, allowing for adaptation to climate change-related flooding.”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Grafakos et al. 2019
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Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Grafakos, S., Trigg, K., Landauer, M., Chelleri, L., & Dhakal, S.
- Affiliations
- Global Green Growth Institute (South Korea) (KR)
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (AT)
- Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (ES)
- Asian Institute of Technology (TH)
- Corresponding author
- Grafakos, Stelios
- Venue
- Climatic Change
- Published
- 2019-03-25
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 87-106
- ISSN
- 0165-0009 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-1480
- OpenAlex
- W2913586270
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 8.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Climatic Change (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- LaCRIS (University of Lapland) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Erasmus University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Sustainable Development
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Keywords
- climate change adaptation, climate change mitigation, local climate action plans, urban climate policy, urban planning, carbon emission reduction, climate resilience, sustainable urban development, scoring system
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