The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Using collaborative language production tasks to promote students’ language awareness1
Abstract
This paper presents data of 13 and 14 year old intermediate and advanced learners of French working collaboratively to complete a text reconstruction task. The task was designed to focus the students’ attention and discussion on the form of the message they were constructing. It was hypothesised that this kind of opportunity to produce language would promote their language learning by (1) making them aware of gaps in their existing knowledge which they would subsequently seek to fill; (2) raising their awareness of the links between the form, function and meaning of words as they worked to construct their intended message; and (3) obtaining feedback that they would receive from their peers and their teacher as they completed the task. The results support the hypothesis and also provide rich insights for teachers, researchers and curriculum planners into the language learning process in a collaborative setting; the students’ understandings of how language ‘works'; and the effects of certain grouping patterns on the ensuing student talk.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“With regard to engagement with language specifically, Storch (2008) identified instances in which peers talk about language use or provide correction. These language-related episodes (LREs) (Kowal & Swain, 1994) have been adopted as the primary unit of analysis for engagement in much of more recent work (e.g., Baralt et al., 2016; Dobao, 2016; García Mayo & Azkarai, 2016; Svalberg, 2012).”
From Exploring Engagement in Tasks in the Language Classroom (2016) · cites this paper as Kowal & Swain, 1994
Citations
Cites
Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition
Higgs, T. V., & Krashen, S. D. (1983) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/328293 · Cited by 5,375
THEORETICAL BASES OF COMMUNICATIVE APPROACHES TO SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHING AND TESTING
CANALE, M., & SWAIN, M. (1980) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/i.1.1 · Cited by 5,044
Self-citationPrinciples and Practice in Second Language Acquisition
Krahnke, K. J., & Krashen, S. D. (1983) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3586656 · Cited by 4,483
(1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,037
Self-citation(1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,399
Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom
Siskin, H. J., & Nunan, D. (1990) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/327949 · Cited by 2,297
SWAIN, M., & LAPKIN, S. (1995) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/16.3.371 · Cited by 1,407
Self-citationNegative Feedback as Regulation and Second Language Learning in the Zone of Proximal Development
Aljaafreh, A., & Lantolf, J. P. (1994) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02064.x · Cited by 1,222
Group Work, Interlanguage Talk, and Second Language Acquisition
Long, M. H., & Porter, P. A. (1985) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3586827 · Cited by 901
The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky
Rieber, R. W., & Carton, A. S. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1655-8 · Cited by 889
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- 10.2307/328585 · DOI
- Clennell, C. Investigating adult second language learners’ use of English when performing contrasting pedagogic tasks. Paper presented at the Association for Language Awareness 2nd International Conference. April, Plymouth, England.
- Donato R., 1994, Vygotskian Perspectives to Second Language Research, 33
- Duff P., 1986, Talking to Learn, 147
- Kowal, M. “French immersion students’ language growth in French: Perceptions, patterns and programming”. University of Toronto (OISE). (In preparation) EdD thesis,
- LaPierre, D. 1994. “Language output in a cooperative learning setting: Determining its effects on second language learning”. University of Toronto (OISE). MA thesis
- _____, 1993, Tasks in a Pedagogical Context: Integrating Theory and Practice, 9
- Samuda V., 1993, Tasks in a Pedagogical Context: Integrating Theory and Practice, 125
- Skehan P., 1992, Thames Valley University Working Papers in English Language Teaching, 178
- van Lier, L. Contingency in classroom interaction. Paper presented at the Association for Language Awareness 2nd International Conference. April, Plymouth, England.
- Vygotsky L.S., 1978, Mind and Society
- _____, 1979, Soviet Psychology, 17, 3
- Wajnryb R., 1990, Grammar Dictation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 332
Negotiation about Form across L2 Proficiency Levels and Its Role in Second Language Learning
Hwang, J. (2010) · English Teaching · doi:10.15858/engtea.65.2.201006.47 · Cited by 4
Effect of Planning on Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners' Mastery of Writing Skill
Mahmoudi, A. (2017) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.17507/tpls.0703.08 · Cited by 4
Nassaji, H., & Kartchava, E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333603.026 · Cited by 4
The acquisition of formulaic sequences in high-intermediate ESL learners
Nguyen, H. T. H. (2014) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 4
PEER AND SELF REVIEW: A HOLISTIC EXAMINATION OF EFL LEARNERS' WRITING AND REVIEW PROCESS
Johnson, K. G. (2012) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 4
The Influence of the social interactional context on test performance : a sociocultural view
Sun, Y. (2005) · doi:10.22215/etd/2005-07781 · Cited by 4
Roles of Output in Foreign Language Learning: A Case of Collaborative Grammar Task
Luciana, L., & Jaya, A. (2006) · Cited by 3
Book, P., & Kulbrandstad, L. I. (2021) · Nordisk tidsskrift for utdanning og praksis · doi:10.23865/up.v15.2514 · Cited by 3
Chung, Y., & Révész, A. (2024) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2024-0168 · Cited by 5
Chen, W., & Chen, M. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251322617 · Cited by 3
Delgado-Garza, P., & Mayo, M. D. P. G. (2025) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2025.2593336 · Cited by 4
Collaborative dialogue during tasks in synchronous computer-mediated communication
Yılmaz, Y. (2008) · Cited by 4
Dao, P., Hoang, S. T. T., & Nguyen, M. X. N. C. (2023) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2022.2152828 · Cited by 3
Malovrh, P. A., & Lee, J. F. (2023) · Ampersand · doi:10.1016/j.amper.2023.100116 · Cited by 3
Calzada, A., & Azkarai, A. (2024) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2023-0238 · Cited by 4
Macià, E. A. (2016) · Educational linguistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40956-6_13 · Cited by 3
Form-meaning-use framework in grammar teaching: Research on noun clauses in writing skills
Yılmaz, A. (2018) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 3
de Temuco, U. C., Rosales, L. U., Gómez-Álvarez, L., de Concepción, U., Sáez-Carrillo, K., de Concepción, U., Etchegaray-Pezo, P., & de Chile, U. A. (2025) · Íkala Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura · doi:10.17533/udea.ikala.v25n02a10 · Cited by 3
Byrne, S., & Jones, C. (2014) · Studies About Languages · doi:10.5755/j01.sal.0.24.6366 · Cited by 3
Jabbarpoor, S., & Tajeddin, Z. (2013) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 3
Negotiation of Meaning and Modified Output Elicitation across Two Tasks
Rahimian, M. (2013) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v6n12p114 · Cited by 3
Effects of Structured Input and Meaningful Output on EFL Learners' Acquisition of Nominal Clauses
Younesi, H., & Tajeddin, Z. (2014) · Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics · Cited by 3
García, F. H. (2017) · Elia · doi:10.12795/elia.2017.i17.08 · Cited by 3
Castro, P. A. (2004) · Porta Linguarum Revista Interuniversitaria de Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras · doi:10.30827/digibug.28349 · Cited by 5
Jong, Y. O. (2026) · Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) · doi:10.82444/warw.33491674 · Cited by 3
Huang, Y.-T. (2012) · doi:10.17077/etd.33j93zy4 · Cited by 3
Developing a grammar-in-context model for efl adult learners
Sa-ngiamwibool, A. (2005) · Cited by 3
Mayo, M. D. P. G. (2018) · The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching · doi:10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0181 · Cited by 3
Exposing Vocabulary Learning in Service Learning
Walls, L. C., & Tocaimaza‐Hatch, C. C. (2018) · International Journal of Research on Service-Learning and Community Engagement · doi:10.37333/001c.6965 · Cited by 2
A Task‐Based Approach to Teaching Literary Texts in Advanced Language Classes
Brandl, K. (2022) · Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German · doi:10.1111/tger.12195 · Cited by 3
Bergstrom, T. (2022) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amac041 · Cited by 2
Bergstrom, T. (2025) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.70017 · Cited by 2
Effectiveness of Integrating Content and Language Instruction in an EFL Context
Abadikhah, S., & Ahangar, Z. (2015) · GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies · doi:10.17576/gema-2015-1501-03 · Cited by 2
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MEANING BY ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS FROM DIFFERENT CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS
Turgut, Y. (2006) · Cited by 2
The effectiveness of output-first activities involving speaking and writing adapted for EFL
Hyung, R. D. (2014) · STEM Journal · doi:10.16875/stem.2014.15.1.155 · Cited by 2
Mashhadi, F., & Bagheri, A. (2015) · Journal of applied linguistics and language research · Cited by 2
The effect of metatalk on L2 Spanish vocabulary development
Hatch, T., & Cecília, C. (2014) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 3
Vidal, R. T. (2007) · Revista Brasileira de Lingüística Aplicada · doi:10.1590/s1984-63982007000100007 · Cited by 1
Metaphorical use of language in educational discourse : a theoretical and empirical investigation.
Cameron, L. (1997) · IOE EPrints · Cited by 2
Lo, S. W. (2016) · Figshare · Cited by 2
Peer interactions in mixed-age EFL secondary school classrooms
Kos, T. (2017) · Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) · Cited by 2
허현주 (2015) · Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) · Cited by 2
Kuiken, F. (2018) · The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching · doi:10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0049 · Cited by 2
Seba, R. G. (2008) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 2
Mayo, M. D. P. G. (2024) · The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching · doi:10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0181.pub2 · Cited by 2
Rethinking Pedagogical Options for Teaching Explicit Grammar in French Immersion
Mueller, K. (2015) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.5072/prism/27659 · Cited by 2
The Role of Written Corrective Feedback in Enhancing Accurate Performance by Primary School Children
Milla, R., & Mayo, M. D. P. G. (2025) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-80924-8_6 · Cited by 1
Kos, T., & Lara, F. Z. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.12810 · Cited by 1
Xuan, Q., Qin, L., Huang, R., Wang, Y., & Derakhshan, A. (2026) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688251407235 · Cited by 4
Cloze and Editing Tasks: Are They Effective in Teaching Lexical Collocations?
Ganji, M., & Ketabi, S. (2015) · Journal of applied linguistics and language research · Cited by 1
A Qualitative Approach to Educational Research: Language Courses in English Studies
Macià, E. A. (2017) · HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business · doi:10.7146/hjlcb.v23i45.97354 · Cited by 1
Llanes, N. B. (2015) · Revista Galega de Filoloxía · doi:10.17979/rgf.2015.16.0.1377 · Cited by 1
DEKEYSER, R. M. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667275.003 · Cited by 1
Spinassé, K. P., & Bolzan, D. B. (2016) · Ilha do Desterro A Journal of English Language Literatures in English and Cultural Studies · doi:10.5007/2175-8026.2016v69n1p95 · Cited by 1
출력 기능을 통한 한국어 형태 습득 연구 -메타말과 언어지식에피소드를 중심으로-
정대현 (2009) · 한국어 교육 · doi:10.18209/iakle.2009.20.1.161 · Cited by 1
The roles of meaning negotiation using L1 and English writing in English speaking
Lee, S., & 임현우 (2010) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.17936/pkelt.2010.22.3.006 · Cited by 1
Yu, Y.-L. (2018) · Asian Journal of Women s Studies · doi:10.1080/12259276.2017.1421292 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Input-based Instruction on the Speaking Ability of Iranian EFL Learners
Tabrizi, A. R. N., & Koranian, K. (2016) · Journal of applied linguistics and language research · Cited by 1
Beheshti, S., & Safa, M. A. (2020) · doi:10.22099/jtls.2020.37967.2858 · Cited by 1
Task Type and Discussion of Language Form in L2 Pair Interaction
Zabihi, R., Erfanitabar, D., & Mehranirad, M. (2022) · English Teaching & Learning · doi:10.1007/s42321-022-00124-7 · Cited by 1
Kos, T., & Friedrich, Z. L. (2023) · Studies in English Language Teaching · doi:10.22158/selt.v11n1p55 · Cited by 1
The Effects of Foreign Language Anxiety and Countermeasures
Mao, Y. (2023) · doi:10.2991/978-2-494069-97-8_98 · Cited by 1
Moroni, E. (2025) · Instructed Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.3138/isla-2025-0008 · Cited by 1
Payant, C. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/3092374 · Cited by 1
The Role of Language Coproduction in Learning English Vocabulary
Nassaji, H., & Tian, J. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.478 · Cited by 1
Exploring Interactions between Adult English Learners and Their TeachLivE Digital Character Peers
Ting, Y. (2017) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 1
Tavakol, M., Tavakoli, M., & Ketabi, S. (2021) · International Multilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/19313152.2021.1929761 · Cited by 1
محمد, ن. ع. ا. ع. (2021) · مجلة العلوم التربوية بکلية التربية بالغردقة، جامعة جنوب الوادى · doi:10.21608/mseg.2021.88496.1034 · Cited by 1
Groepper, E. (2022) · Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German · doi:10.1111/tger.12208 · Cited by 1
SLA in the Instructional Environment
Pica, T. (2008) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 1
Pair interaction among adult EFL learners: A South Korean case study
Kim, Y. (2016) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1
Byrne, S. (2012) · CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) · Cited by 1
Researching the use of WebCT in Chinese language teaching and learning
De, Z. (2007) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-16759 · Cited by 1
Grammar Dictation (Dictogloss)
Nabei, T. (2018) · The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching · doi:10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0067 · Cited by 1
Cho, H. Y. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Written languaging, learners’ aptitude and second language learning
Ishikawa, M. (2019) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1
Collaboration and Writing: More than Exchanging Words
Reed, K. (2014) · Asian Journal of English Language Teaching · doi:10.65961/ajelt-2014-1-002
A INSTRUÇÃO FOCADA NA FORMA ATRAVÉS DA PRODUÇÃO ESCRITA: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA NA ESCOLA PÚBLICA
Moreira, M. A. O. (2008) · Revista Intercâmbio
Lee, J. (2011) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)
Un curso de inglés para ingenierías técnicas agrícolas usando el aulario virtual
Alastuey, M. C. B. (2006) · Huarte de San Juan . Filología y Didáctica de la Lengua
The Role of Oral Output in Noticing and Promoting the Acquisition of Linguistic Forms
Liu, D. (2013) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v6n11p111
An Investigation on Translation Strategies Based on Think-aloud Protocols
Zhou, Y., & Jiang, X. (2012) · Journal of Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.4304/jltr.3.4.707-715
La producci䉤n lingstica en el aprendiaje de ingl䍻s como lengua e衸tranjera: el metalenguaje
de Lenguas, R., & Castro, P. A. (2012)
Focus-on-form in a Collaborative Output Task: Exploring a Dictogloss
Han, Y. (2008) · English Teaching · doi:10.15858/engtea.63.1.200803.29
Autonomously Noticing Incorrect Language Use: Does it Improve EFL Learners' Grammatical Accuracy?
Jafari, S., Ketabi, S., & Tavakoli, M. (2016) · Journal of teaching language skills · doi:10.22099/jtls.2016.3684 · Cited by 1
Ajabshir, Z. F., Vahdany, F., Jafarigohar, M., & Soleımanı, H. (2016) · Journal of teaching language skills · doi:10.22099/jtls.2016.3728
McKeown, M. G., Isabel, L., Graves, M. F., Risley, T. R., Carlo, M., & Dressler, C. (2010)
DEKEYSER, R. M. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667275.008
Interaction Patterns in Joint Editing Output Tasks and the Learning Outcomes
Hwang, J. (2010) · The Jungang Journal of English Language and Literature · doi:10.18853/jjell.2010.52.1.023
The Effect of Language Ability and Attitude Differences on EFL Students’ Cooperative Group Work
Kim, S.-A. (2014) · Journal of the Korea English Education Society · doi:10.18649/jkees.2014.13.3.1
Fifth International Workshop on Culturally-Aware Tutoring Systems (CATS2014)
Blanchard, E., Gasparini, I., Ogan, A., & Rodrigo, M. M. T. (2014)
Tanaka, S. (2012) · eScholarship@McGill (McGill) · doi:10.82308/48238
Abbasian, G.-R., Aryanejad, F., & Arefinezhad, H. (2016) · Journal of applied linguistics and language research
Ghafoori, N. (2015) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Interactional feedback and learner modified output in EFL classrooms
Kim, J. H. (2010) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.17936/pkelt.2010.22.1.005
Navarrete, M. O., & Larenas, C. H. D. (2017) · Revista Electrónica Educare · doi:10.15359/ree.21-2.20
Metadata
- Authors
- Kowal, M., & Swain, M.
- Venue
- Language Awareness
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1994-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 73-93
- ISSN
- 0965-8416 (ISSN-L)
- 1747-7565
- OpenAlex
- W2083536757
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 23.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Language Awareness (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › French Language Learning Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Keywords
- French as a foreign language, high school students, peer feedback, teacher feedback, student discourse, second language writing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review