Taxonomic revision of commercially used Arthrospira(Cyanobacteria) strains: a polyphasic approach
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The cyanobacterial genus Arthrospira Stizenberger ex Gomont 1892 includes some of the most commercially significant microalgae, commonly known under the taxonomically incorrect brand name ‘Spirulina’. However, the infrageneric classification of the genus is still undefined. Herein, the classification of two Arthrospira strains (Nigrita M1 and Nigrita C1) from a commercial culture installation was studied and a polyphasic meta-analysis approach to a representative number (> 30) of strains was applied, in an attempt to determine the taxonomic relationships among the existing Arthrospira strains. The combined analysis of molecular (16S rRNA, 16S-23S rRNA ITS and cpcBA-IGS sequences) and phenotypic (13 morphological and morphometric characters) data of the studied Arthrospira strains divided them into three clusters/taxa. The main two taxa, namely Taxon I and Taxon II, include planktonic representatives, with irregular and regular helical structure of the filament, respectively. In contrast, Taxon III comprises the benthic representatives of the genus. Arthrospira strains Nigrita M1 and Nigrita C1 fall into Taxon I and II, respectively. The combined phenotypic and phylogenetic analysis suggests classification of Arthrospira strains into three taxa as subspecies of a single species within the genus Arthrospira.
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Arthrospira has been recently divided into two distinct groups.
“Moreover, Arthrospira has been recently divided into two distinct groups (see below).”
From Spirulina/Arthrospira/Limnospira—Three Names of the Single Organism (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
The Phylogenetic analysis reports two main Arthrospira clusters (I and II), supporting the two-group description. But it also identifies cluster III, and the Polyphasic taxonomy groups the strains into three taxa; the claim omits that qualification. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Nowruzi, B., Hutárová, L., Vešelenyiova, D., & Metcalf, J. S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26716651
Nowruzi, B., Hutárová, L., Vešelényiová, D., & Metcalf, J. S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25762887
Nowruzi, B., Hutárová, L., Vešelenyiova, D., & Metcalf, J. S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26716645
Hariri, M., Azizi-Soleiman, F., Baradaran, H. R., Heshmati, M., & Gholami, A. (2026) · International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research · doi:10.31083/ijvnr44330
Unraveling the multifaceted applications of Spirulina: a comprehensive review
Nagime, P. V., Boonsawang, P., Chidrawar, V. R., Shafi, S., Doke, R. R., & Singh, S. K. (2026) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/s10482-026-02420-9
Manirambona, I., Ogakwu, A. S., Ketu, K. V., Niyukuri, J., & Ikyenge, B. A. (2026) · Journal of Cereal Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2026.104572
- Authors
- Papapanagiotou, G., & Gkelis, S.
- Affiliations
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Gkelis, Spyros
- Venue
- European Journal of Phycology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-07-11
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 595-608
- ISSN
- 0967-0262 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-4433
- OpenAlex
- W2962149662
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 0.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Journal of Phycology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Aristotle University Research Committee Program “Isolation and diversity of Arthrospira (“Spirulina”) strains used in commercial cultures” funded by ALGI AEGE (Contract No 91771)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Biocrusts and Microbial Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Keywords
- Arthrospira, Spirulina, cyanobacteria, taxonomic revision, infrageneric classification, polyphasic analysis, 16S rRNA, ITS, morphometric parameters, subspecies classification
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