The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Integrating data-based decision making, Assessment for Learning and diagnostic testing in formative assessment
Open accessAbstract
Recent research has highlighted the lack of a uniform definition of formative assessment, although its effectiveness is widely acknowledged. This paper addresses the theoretical differences and similarities amongst three approaches to formative assessment that are currently most frequently discussed in educational research literature: data-based decision making (DBDM), Assessment for Learning (AfL) and diagnostic testing (DT). Furthermore, the differences and similarities in the implementation of each approach were explored. This analysis shows that although differences exist amongst the theoretical underpinnings of DBDM, AfL and DT, the combination of these approaches can create more informed learning environments. The thoughtful integration of the three assessment approaches should lead to more valid formative decisions, if a range of evidence about student learning is used to continuously optimise student learning.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.
Citations
Cites
Assessment and Classroom Learning
Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998) · Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice · doi:10.1080/0969595980050102 · Cited by 8,152 · cited 1×
“Some researchers have de fi ned assessments as formative based on the actual use of assessment information to support learning (e.g. Black & Wiliam, 1998).”
BackgroundNicol, D. J., & Macfarlane‐Dick, D. (2006) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075070600572090 · Cited by 5,846
Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems
Sadler, D. R. (1989) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/bf00117714 · Cited by 4,285
Feedback and Self-Regulated Learning: A Theoretical Synthesis
Butler, D. L., & Winne, P. H. (1995) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543065003245 · Cited by 3,334
Developing the theory of formative assessment
Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2009) · Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-008-9068-5 · Cited by 3,301 · cited 1×
“While numerous researchers have attempted to de fi ne formative assessment (Black & Wiliam, 2009), to date a widely accepted de fi nition has not emerged in the literature.”
BackgroundSpillane, J. P. (2004) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/01623737026002169 · Cited by 2,536
(2021) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1111/(issn)1467-9620 · Cited by 2,401
Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education
Bull, G. L., Knezek, G., & Gibson, D. (2025) · Contemporary issues in technology and teacher education · doi:10.70725/833004pqfpbd · Cited by 2,374
Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology
Jonassen, D. H., Spector, M. J., Driscoll, M., Merrill, M. D., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Driscoll, M. P. (2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203880869 · Cited by 1,692
Reconstructing Mathematics Pedagogy from a Constructivist Perspective
Simon, M. A. (1995) · Journal for Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.2307/749205 · Cited by 1,607
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- 10.1177/016146816907001003 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1745-3992.2012.00251.x/full · DOI
- Eggen T. J. H. M. (2004). Contributions to the theory and practice of computerized adaptive testing (Doctoral dissertation). University of Twente Enschede. Retrieved from http://www.cito.nl/~/media/cito_nl/Files/Onderzoek%20en%20wetenschap/cito_dissertatie_theo_eggen.ashx
- 10.1080/0260293022013860 · DOI
- Keeley, P., & Tobey, C. R. (2011). Mathematics formative assessment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
- Ledoux, G., Blok, H., Boogaard, M., & Krüger, M. (2009). Opbrengstgericht werken. Over waarde van meetgestuurd onderwijs [Data-driven decision making. About the value of measurement oriented education]. SCO-Rapport 812. Amsterdam: SCO-Kohnstamm Instituut. Retrieved from http://dare.uva.nl/document/170475
- Ministry of Education, British Columbia, Canada. (2002). Accountability framework. Retrieved from http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/policy/policies/accountability_framework.htm
- Sanders, P. (2011). Het doel van toetsen [The purpose of testing]. In P. Sanders (Ed.), Toetsen op school [Testing at school] (pp. 9–20). Arnhem: Cito. Retrieved from http://www.cito.nl/~/media/cito_nl/Files/Onderzoek%20en%20wetenschap/cito_toetsen_op_school.ashx
- 10.1007/978-94-007-4816-3 · DOI
- 10.1007/978-94-007-4816-3 · DOI
- Shepard L. A. (2005 October). Formative assessment: Caveat emptor. Paper presented at the ETS Invitational Conference The Future of Assessment: Shaping Teaching and Learning New York NY.
- Sluijsmans, D., Joosten-ten Brinke, D., & Van der Vleuten, C. (submitted). Toetsen met leerwaarde: Een reviewstudie naar de effectieve kenmerken van formatief toetsen [Testing with learning value: A review study on the effective characteristics of formative assessment]. Manuscript submitted for publication.
- Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. London: Harvard University Press.
- 10.1007/978-90-481-2660-6 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–134 of 134
Coherencia curricular: profesores que viven el currículo
Vera-Monroy, S. P., & Mora, M. C. G. (2022) · Universidad de La Sabana, Universidad Abierta y a Distancia eBooks · doi:10.5294/978-958-12-0614-8 · Cited by 1
A Novice Teacher’s Familiarity with Assessment for Learning in EFL Classroom
Farikhah, N. (2022) · Voices of English Language Education Society · doi:10.29408/veles.v6i2.6589 · Cited by 1
Do Teacher Questions Function as Assessment for Learning?
Darong, H. C., & Niman, E. M. (2021) · Celt A Journal of Culture English Language Teaching & Literature · doi:10.24167/celt.v21i2.3336 · Cited by 1
Feedback in the context of high-stakes assessment
Harrison, P. G. (2017) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20170920ch · Cited by 2
Oudman, S. (2023) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/1729 · Cited by 1
Formative assessment, grading and teacher judgement in times of change
Hopfenbeck, T. N. (2015) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2015.1050261 · Cited by 2
Young, C. (2017) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)
Schildkamp, K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-9053-0_10
Self-citationImplementation and validation of an item response theory scale for formative assessment
Berger, S. (2019) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036547932 · Cited by 1
Programming, Research and... Coffee?
Aldewereld, H., & van der Stappen, E. (2019) · Computer Science Education Research Conference · doi:10.1145/3375258.3375264
Kamanga, E. H., Beer, J. J. D., & Lubbe, A. (2021) · NWU self-directed learning series · doi:10.4102/aosis.2021.bk280.10
Mentz, E., & Lubbe, A. (2021) · NWU self-directed learning series · doi:10.4102/aosis.2021.bk280.0p
Diagnostic Mathematics Assessment in the Third Grade
Vermeulen, J. A. (2021) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036552295
Self-citationThe Use of Response Systems in Higher Education during the Covid-19 Pandemic Period
Diamantis, K., Koupidis, K., & Bikos, K. (2022) · International Journal of Learning and Development · doi:10.5296/ijld.v12i1.19607
Formación del profesorado, enseñanza y evaluación. Experiencias de estudiantes portugueses
Pinheiro, C., Flores, M. A., & Cristóvão, F. (2022) · Ciencia y Educación · doi:10.22206/cyed.2022.v6i1.pp63-82
RECONSTRUINDO CONCEÇÕES E PRÁTICAS DE AVALIAÇÃO: ESTUDO COM ESTAGIÁRIOS DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA
Moura, A., Graça, A., & Batista, P. (2022) · Editora Artemis eBooks · doi:10.37572/edart_2708226516
Mapping research approaches to data practices in schools
Krein, U., Hartenstein, A., & Schiefner-Rohs, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.1023096
Validation of undergraduate science process skills tests: Rasch model analysis
Tauhidah, D., & Rofi’ah, N. L. (2023) · Research and Development in Education (RaDEn) · doi:10.22219/raden.v3i1.24585 · Cited by 2
Muslim, M., Rustaman, N. Y., Siahaan, P., Liliawati, W., & Efendi, R. (2023) · Jurnal IPA & Pembelajaran IPA · doi:10.24815/jipi.v7i1.29657
Management of Learning Evaluation in Elementary Schools
Hisbullah, H., & Ajigoena, A. M. (2021) · Kontigensi Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen · doi:10.56457/jimk.v9i2.318 · Cited by 1
SCHOOL HEADS’ MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES AND TEACHERS’ PERSONAL COMPETENCIES AND PERFORMANCE
MENDOZA, A. D. R. (2023) · International Journal of Research Publications · doi:10.47119/ijrp1001241520234941
Analysis of Needs for Elementary School Students' Diagnostic Instruments Development
Asnawi, A., Kenedi, A. K., Ramadhani, D., Sahudra, T. M., Angga, I., & Nasution, S. A. (2023) · International Conference on Early Childhood Education in Multiperspective (ICECEM) · doi:10.4108/eai.26-11-2022.2339525
El valor de la evaluación para el aprendizaje en la enseñanza de la educación física
Moura, A., da Silva, A. R. V., Graça, A., & Batista, P. (2021) · E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science · doi:10.17398/1885-7019.17.211
Hock, M., Moon, T. R., & Meyers, C. (2024) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/00224871241286798
Prácticas de evaluación basadas en competencias: una revisión bibliográfica
Hasdovaz, V. S. (2025) · Diálogos Pedagógicos · doi:10.22529/dp.2025.23(45)08
Implementing Formative Assessment Into School Practice: A Matter of Structuring the Intervention?
Aust, L., Linker, J.-C., Eichholz, L., Schiffer, J., Nührenbörger, M., Selter, C., & Souvignier, E. (2025) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/00224871251350680 · Cited by 2
Guasconi, E., & Vannini, I. (2025) · Journal of Educational Cultural and Psychological Studies (ECPS Journal) · doi:10.7358/ecps-2025-031-guva
TRENDS OF DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT JOURNALS IN INDONESIA
Ridlo, L., Ridlo, A., Alfiyah, L., & Totussangadah, R. (2024) · Mumtaz. · doi:10.69552/mumtaz.v4i1.3171 · Cited by 2
John, Y. J. (2025) · Futurity Education · doi:10.57125/fed.2025.06.25.11
Teachers’ Pedagogical Practices: Primary Predictors of Instructional Data Use in Chile.
Rojas-Bravo, J., Carrasco, D., & Schildkamp, K. (2026) · School Effectiveness and School Improvement · doi:10.1080/09243453.2026.2663174
Self-citationAn AI-Powered Reading Assistant for Dyslexic Students
Gu, J., Zeng, G., & (23143), Y. L. (2026) · International Conference on Big Data and Informatization Education (ICBDIE) · doi:10.1145/3806980.3806981
Data-Informed Educational Research and Evidence-Based Decision Making in Modern Education Systems
Sharma, S. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-2606-9.ch012
الحمياني, أ. م. (2024) · المجلة الدولية للبحث والتطوير التربوي · doi:10.68704/jred.i3.6
Metadata
- Authors
- Van der Kleij, F. M., Vermeulen, J. A., Schildkamp, K., & Eggen, T. J. H. M.
- Affiliations
- ,
- Cito (Netherlands) (NL)
- University of Twente (NL)
- Venue
- Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-01-22
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 324-343
- ISSN
- 0969-594X (ISSN-L)
- 1465-329X
- OpenAlex
- W1969930081
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 38.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.utwente.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cito, Institute for Educational Measurement
- University of Twente
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational and Psychological Assessments
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Assessment and Improvement
- Keywords
- formative assessment, data-driven decision making, assessment for learning, diagnostic testing, student learning, assessment validity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review