Cited by 293Stress Responses and CortisolEstrogen and related hormone effectsAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Glucocorticoid action networks and complex psychiatric and/or somatic disorders

Open access

Chrousos, George P., Kino, Tomoshige·2007·Stress

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Glucocorticoids contribute fundamentally to the maintenance of basal and stress-related homeostasis in all higher organisms. These hormones influence a large percentage of the expressed human genome and their effects spare almost no organs or tissues. Glucocorticoids influence many functions of the central nervous system, such as arousal, cognition, mood and sleep, the activity and direction of intermediary metabolism, the maintenance of a normal cardiovascular tone, the activity and quality of the immune and inflammatory reaction, including the manifestations of the sickness syndrome, as well as growth and reproduction. The numerous actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by a set of at least 16 glucocorticoid receptor (GR) isoforms forming homo- or hetero-dimers. The GRs consist of multifunctional domain proteins operating as ligand-dependent transcription factors that interact with many other cell signaling systems. The presence of multiple GR monomers and dimers expressed in a cell-specific fashion at different quantities with quantitatively and qualitatively different transcriptional activities suggests that the glucocorticoid signaling system is highly stochastic. Based on ample evidence, we present our conception that glucocorticoids are heavily involved in human pathophysiology and influence life expectancy. Common psychiatric and/or somatic complex disorders, such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, chronic pain and fatigue syndromes, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, essential hypertension, diabetes type 2, atherosclerosis with its cardiovascular sequelae, and osteoporosis, as well as autoimmune inflammatory and allergic disorders, all appear to have a glucocorticoid component.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/10253890701292119

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733
The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis and Immune-Mediated Inflammation
Chrousos, G. P. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199505183322008 · Cited by 2,579
Self-citation
Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: high vs low CRH/NE states
Gold, P. W., & Chrousos, G. P. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001032 · Cited by 1,274
Self-citation
The Pathophysiologic Roles of Interleukin-6 in Human Disease
Papanicolaou, D. A., Wilder, R. L., Manolagas, S. C., & Chrousos, G. P. (1998) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-128-2-199801150-00009 · Cited by 1,146
A Steroid Receptor Coactivator, SRA, Functions as an RNA and Is Present in an SRC-1 Complex
Lanz, R. B., McKenna, N. J., Oñate, S. A., Albrecht, U., Wong, J., Tsai, S. Y., Tsai, M., & O’Malley, B. W. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80711-4 · Cited by 808
Stressors, Stress, and Neuroendocrine Integration of the Adaptive Response: The 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture
Chrousos, G. P. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09006.x · Cited by 731
Elevated Plasma Cortisol Concentrations: A Link between Low Birth Weight and the Insulin Resistance Syndrome?
Phillips, D. I. W., Barker, D. J. P., Fall, C. H. D., Seckl, J. R., Whorwood, C. B., Wood, P. J., & Walker, B. R. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.3.4634 · Cited by 643
The role of stress and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome: neuro-endocrine and target tissue-related causes
Chrousos, G. P. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801278 · Cited by 637
Gene profiling reveals unknown enhancing and suppressive actions of glucocorticoids on immune cells
Galon, J., Franchimont, D., Hiroi, N., Frey, G., Boettner, A., Ehrhart-Bornstein, M., O’shea, J. J., Chrousos, G. P., & Bornstein, S. R. (2002) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.01-0245com · Cited by 606
Self-citation
Translational regulatory mechanisms generate N-terminal glucocorticoid receptor isoforms with unique transcriptional target genes
Lu, N. Z., & Cidlowski, J. A. (2005) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.03.025 · Cited by 455

Show all 47 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

Chrousos GP, 2001, Endocrinology and metabolism4th ed., 609
Dobson MG, 2001, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 2270
Huizenga NA, 1998, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 144
Kino T, 2001, Nuclear receptor and genetic disease, 297
Miller WL, 2001, Endocrinology and metabolism4th ed., 387
Panarelli M, 1998, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 1846
Phillips DI, 1998, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 757

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 293

Exenatide Improves Hypertension in a Rat Model of the Metabolic Syndrome
Laugero, K. D., Stonehouse, A. H., Guss, S., Landry, J., Vu, C., & Parkes, D. G. (2009) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2008.0095 · Cited by 42
“22 We characterized the metabolic syndrome-like features of this rat model and then showed that continuous infusion of exenatide over 7 days reversed the hypertension associated with glucocorticoid treatment.”
The future is now: early life events preset adult behaviour
Patchev, A. V., Rodrigues, A. J., Sousa, N., Spengler, D., & Almeida, O. F. X. (2013) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12140 · Cited by 46
“…adults have been linked to major depression and anxiety (Holsboer & Ising 2010) and a variety of other psychiatric, metabolic and immune disorders (Chrousos & Kino 2007, Aguilera 2011); in addition, high levels of GC are associated with impairments in certain cognitive domains (Marin et al. 2011).”
Background
Stress Type Dependence of Expression and Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Partitioning of Glucocorticoid Receptor, Hsp90 and Hsp70 in Wistar Rat Brain
Djordjevic, A. D., Adžić, M., Djordjevic, J., & Radojcic, M. B. (2009) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000223733 · Cited by 43
“The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a primary physiological role in the response to stress and restoration of system homeostasis. Glucocorticoids (GCs), as the final effectors of HPA axis activation, are involved in the regulation of its activity by exerting negative feedback on several brain structure…”
Background
Reduced Glucocorticoid Receptor Protein Expression in Children with Critical Illness
Indyk, J. A., Candido-Vitto, C., Wolf, I. M., Venkataraman, S. T., Munoz, R. A., Saladino, R. A., Witchel, S. F., & DeFranco, D. B. (2013) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000348290 · Cited by 39
Increased Prevalence of Anxiety-Associated Personality Traits in Patients with Cushing's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
Dimopoulou, C., Ising, M., Pfister, H., Schopohl, J., Stalla, G. K., & Sievers, C. (2012) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000338408 · Cited by 43
Chronic Mild Stress Causes Bone Loss via an Osteoblast-Specific Glucocorticoid-Dependent Mechanism
Henneicke, H., Li, J., Kim, S., Gasparini, S. J., Seibel, M. J., & Zhou, H. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2016-1658 · Cited by 43
Chronic blockade of hindbrain glucocorticoid receptors reduces blood pressure responses to novel stress and attenuates adaptation to repeated stress
Bechtold, A. G., Patel, G., Hochhaus, G., & Scheuer, D. A. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00095.2008 · Cited by 39
“There is growing evidence that both stress and glucocorticoids contribute to the etiology of cardiovascular disease; however, the role of glucocorticoids in the stress response has long been a matter of debate (1, 3, 5, 13, 15, 28, 30, 31, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 48, 49, 52, 58, 61, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71).”
Background
Selectively Filtering Short Wavelengths Attenuates the Disruptive Effects of Nocturnal Light on Endocrine and Molecular Circadian Phase Markers in Rats
Rahman, S. A., Kollara, A., Brown, T. J., & Casper, R. F. (2008) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-1742 · Cited by 38
Lifetime Care of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
MacKintosh, E. W., Chen, M. L., & Benditt, J. O. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.08.011 · Cited by 40
Dexamethasone for Severe COVID-19: How Does It Work at Cellular and Molecular Levels?
Kino, T., Burd, I. D., & Segars, J. H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22136764 · Cited by 36
“As part of the negative feedback loop, the cortisol massively secreted in response to inflammation strongly suppresses the immune system and associated inflammatory reactions, helping to curtail organ damage elicited by highly activated and/or prolonged tissue inflammation [87].”
Background
Relation of serum cortisol to delirium occurring after acute coronary syndromes
Çölkesen, Y., Gıray, S., Özenli, Y., Sezgin, N., & Coskun, I. (2012) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2012.07.001 · Cited by 36
“It has long been observed that high levels of circulating glucocorticoids might have harmful effects on the brain and cause psychiatric symptoms [5,6].”
Background
Modulatory in vitro effect of stress hormones on the cytokine response of rainbow trout and gilthead sea bream head kidney stimulated with Vibrio anguillarum bacterin
Khansari, A. R., Parra, D., Reyes‐López, F. E., & Tort, L. (2017) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.009 · Cited by 36
Circadian Rhythms of Glucocorticoid Hormone Actions in Target Tissues: Potential Clinical ImplicationsA Presentation from the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) New Inroads to Child Health (NICHe) Conference on Stress Response and Child Health in Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 18 to 20 May 2012.
Kino, T. (2012) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.2003333 · Cited by 33
SIRT1 is a transcriptional enhancer of the glucocorticoid receptor acting independently to its deacetylase activity
Suzuki, S., Iben, J., Coon, S. L., & Kino, T. (2017) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.012 · Cited by 35
“…muscle and adipose tissues, electrolyte handling, vascular tone regulation, immune activity and cognitive functions of the central nervous system (Chrousos and Kino, 2007, Nader et al., 2010, Chrousos and Kino, 2009, Franchimont, Kino, Galon et al., 2002, Nicolaides, Galata, Kino et al., 2010).”
Background
Stress Affects a Gastrin-Releasing Peptide System in the Spinal Cord That Mediates Sexual Function: Implications for Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction
Sakamoto, H., Matsuda, K.-I., Zuloaga, D. G., Nishiura, N., Takanami, K., Jordan, C. L., Breedlove, S. M., & Kawata, M. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004276 · Cited by 35
“Stress responses are typically mediated through glucocorticoid receptors in the central nervous system [30,31].”
Background
Phosphorylation status of glucocorticoid receptor, heat shock protein 70, cytochrome c and Bax in lymphocytes of euthymic, depressed and manic bipolar patients
Bei, E., Salpeas, V., Pappa, D., Anagnostara, C., Alevizos, V., & Moutsatsou, P. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.002 · Cited by 35
“Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a central role in stress-related disorders, including bipolar disorder (Raison and Miller, 2003; Chrousos and Kino, 2007).”
Recent advances in the molecular mechanisms causing primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance
Nicolaides, N. C., Lamprokostopoulou, A., Sertedaki, A., & Charmandari, E. (2016) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1660 · Cited by 33
Phase-dependent resetting of the adrenal clock by ACTH in vitro
Yoder, J. M., Brandeland, M. A., & Engeland, W. C. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00519.2013 · Cited by 30
“Since the disruption of circadian rhythms in glucocorticoids is associated with multiple somatic and psychiatric disorders (8), understanding the mechanisms for ACTH-induced resetting of the adrenal clock rhythm could facilitate the development of optimal treatment strategies.”
Background
Prolonged perceived stress and saliva cortisol in a large cohort of Danish public service employees: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations
Mikkelsen, S., Forman, J. L., Fink, S., Vammen, M. A., Thomsen, J. F., Grynderup, M. B., Hansen, Å. M., Kærlev, L., Kolstad, H. A., Rugulies, R., et al. (2017) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-017-1241-z · Cited by 31
“According to the theory of allostatic load frequent acute stress may cause prolonged exposure to stress hormones, which in turn is harmful to health (Chrousos and Kino 2007; McEwen 1998).”
Background
Quality of Life, Family Support, and Comorbidities in Institutionalized Elders With and Without Symptoms of Depression
de Araújo, A. A., Barbosa, R. A. S. R., de Menezes, M. S. S., de Medeiros, I. I. F., Júnior, R. F. D. A., & de Medeiros, C. A. C. X. (2015) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-015-9386-y · Cited by 31
Structure Guided Design of 5-Arylindazole Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
Yates, C. M., Brown, P. J., Stewart, E. L., Patten, C., Austin, R. J. H., Holt, J. A., Maglich, J. M., Angell, D. C., Sasse, R. Z., Taylor, S. J., et al. (2010) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm100447c · Cited by 30
Environmental obesogens (bisphenols, phthalates and parabens) and their impacts on adipogenic transcription factors in the absence of dexamethasone in 3T3-L1 cells
Choi, S., Kwon, H., Han, X., Men, X., Choi, Y., Jang, G., Park, K.-T., Han, J.-K., & Lee, O. (2021) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105994 · Cited by 30
Hormone Binding and Co-regulator Binding to the Glucocorticoid Receptor are Allosterically Coupled
Pfaff, S. J., & Fletterick, R. J. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.108118 · Cited by 30
Early postoperative cognitive dysfunction is associated with higher cortisol levels in aged patients following hip fracture surgery
Ji, M., Shen, J.-C., Gao, R., Liu, X., Yuan, H., Dong, L., Wu, J., Feng, S., Li, W., & Yang, J. (2013) · Journal of Anesthesia · doi:10.1007/s00540-013-1633-5 · Cited by 29
“Surgical trauma can result in increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral and central nervous system and thus impair cognitive function [4].”
Regulation by chronic-mild stress of glucocorticoids, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and adiposity in rats fed on a high-fat diet
Paternain, L., García‐Díaz, D. F., Milagro, F. I., González‐Muniesa, P., Martínez, J. A., & Campión, J. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.01.017 · Cited by 28
“Thus, the implications in stress-induced obesity of beta-adrenergic pathways, parasympathetic activity or glucocorticoids, and the HPA axis are under investigation [34].”
Steroid-Associated Side Effects: A Symptom Management Update on Multiple Myeloma Treatment
King, T., & Faiman, B. M. (2017) · Clinical journal of oncology nursing · doi:10.1188/17.cjon.240-249 · Cited by 29
“Steroid-associated side effects occur in most body systems with varied incidence and have a heterogeneous and unpredictable nature (Chrousos & Kino, 2007).”
Background
Acute Psychological Stress Accelerates Reverse Cholesterol Transport via Corticosterone-Dependent Inhibition of Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption
Silvennoinen, R., Escolá‐Gil, J. C., Julve, J., Rotllán, N., Llaverı́as, G., Metso, J., Valledor, A. F., He, J., Yu, L., Jauhiainen, M., et al. (2012) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.112.277962 · Cited by 28
“meostatic mechanisms that facilitate survival.(7) Glucocorticoids released during stress enhance resistance to sepsis in mice,(8) and”
Background
Management of postdischarge nausea and vomiting after ambulatory surgery
Melton, M. S., Klein, S. M., & Gan, T. J. (2011) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0b013e32834b9468 · Cited by 28
Understanding psychocutaneous disease: psychosocial & psychoneuroimmunologic perspectives
Jafferany, M., & Patel, A. (2019) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/ijd.14629 · Cited by 30
Altered Rhythm of Adrenal Clock Genes, StAR and Serum Corticosterone in VIP Receptor 2-Deficient Mice
Fahrenkrug, J., Georg, B., Hannibal, J., & Jørgensen, H. L. (2012) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-012-9804-7 · Cited by 27
“Glucocorticoids are heavily involved in human pathophysiology (Chrousos and Kino 2007), and it is likely that the observed abnormality in the adrenocortical function in the VPAC2-KO mice can make it a useful model.”
Effects of induced stress from the live LaSota Newcastle disease vaccination on the growth performance and immune function in broiler chickens
Li, R. F., Liu, S. P., Yuan, Z., Yi, J., Tian, Y. N., Wu, J., & Wen, L. (2020) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.004 · Cited by 27
Salivary cortisol response to acute stress and its relation to psychological factors in women with chronic trapezius myalgia—A pilot study
Sjörs, A., Larsson, B. K., Karlson, B., Österberg, K., Dahlman, J., & Gerdle, B. U. C. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.10.007 · Cited by 28
“Cortisol and pain could be interrelated on a central level via alterations in CNSpain processing (Chrousos and Kino, 2007).”
Background
Conceptual endophenotypes: A strategy to advance the impact of psychoneuroendocrinology in precision medicine
Hellhammer, D. H., Meinlschmidt, G., & Pruessner, J. C. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.009 · Cited by 26
GR-regulating Serine/Threonine Kinases: New Physiologic and Pathologic Implications
Kino, T. (2018) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2018.01.010 · Cited by 25
Genome-wide Regulatory Roles of the C2H2-type Zinc Finger Protein ZNF764 on the Glucocorticoid Receptor
Fadda, A., Syed, N., Mackeh, R., Papadopoulou, A., Suzuki, S., Jithesh, P., & Kino, T. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep41598 · Cited by 23
“Among them, glucocorticoids are critical for the maintenance of organ homeostasis and adaptive response against circumstance changes 3,4 .”
Decoding the temporal nature of brain GR activity in the NFκB signal transition leading to depressive-like behavior
Han, Y.-M., Kim, M. S., Jo, J., Shin, D., Kwon, S., Seo, J. B., Kang, D., Lee, B. D., Ryu, H., Hwang, E. M., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01016-1 · Cited by 23
Psychosocial stress and longitudinally measured gestational weight gain throughout pregnancy: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study
Braig, S., Logan, C. A., Reister, F., Rothenbacher, D., & Genuneit, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58808-8 · Cited by 25
Cardiovascular functioning, personality, and the social world: The domain of hierarchical power
Newton, T. L. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.07.005 · Cited by 22
“While the broad significance of corticosteroids, including cortisol, for successful functioning of many biological systems and is well-known and well-documented (Chrousos and Kino, 2007), data linking cortisol stress responses specifically to cardiovascular disease outcomes are more limited.”
Associations Between Polymorphisms in the Glucocorticoid-Receptor Gene and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Chinese Population
Yan, Y., Dong, J., Wu, L., Shao, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Wang, W., He, Y. L., & Liu, Y.-Q. (2013) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20130035 · Cited by 21
“The study inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) no history of somatic or psychiatric abnormalities, as confirmed by patient medical records, (2) age 20 through 60 years, and (3) no history of medication use during the previous 2 weeks.”
Background
A preliminary evaluation of leukocyte phospho-glucocorticoid receptor as a potential biomarker of depressogenic vulnerability in healthy adults
Simic, I., Adžić, M., Marić, N. P., Savić, D., Djordjevic, J., Mihaljevic, M. M., Mitić, M., Pavlović, Z., Soldatović, I., Krstic–Demonacos, M., et al. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.002 · Cited by 21
“Inability to cope with daily life events and chronic elevation of biological stress mediators may increase risk for various psychiatric disorders, including depressive and anxiety disorders (McEwen, 1998; De Kloet et al., 2005; Chrousos and Kino, 2007; Anacker et al., 2011; Juster et al., 2011; Zunszain et al., 2011).”
Background
Single Nucleotide Variations of the Human GR Gene Manifested as Pathologic Mutations or Polymorphisms
Kino, T. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2017-03254 · Cited by 21
A UHPLC-MS/MS method for profiling multifunctional steroids in human hair
Dong, Z., Wang, C., Zhang, J., & Wang, Z. (2017) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-017-0419-2 · Cited by 22
miR-212 mediates counter-regulation on CRH expression and HPA axis activity in male mice
Tang, Y., Cai, X., Zhang, H., Shen, H., Wang, W., Shen, Z., Gu, W., Ling, C., & Li, M. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-17-0124 · Cited by 21
GH/IGF1 axis disturbances in the fibromyalgia syndrome: is there a rationale for GH treatment?
Cuatrecasas, G., Alegre, C., & Casanueva, F. F. (2013) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-013-0486-0 · Cited by 20
“The adrenergic and opioid systems are linked via pro-opiomelanocortin, the precursor of endogenous opioids and corticotrophin-releasing hormone, which in its turn stimulates somatostatin and inhibits GH [43, 44].”
Impact of Gene-Gender Effects of Adrenergic Polymorphisms on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Depressed Patients
Häfner, S., Baghai, T. C., Schüle, C., Eser, D., Spraul, M., Zill, P., Rupprecht, R., & Bondy, B. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000182891 · Cited by 19
“There is substantial evidence that alterations within neuroendocrine systems play a major role in complex stress-related psychiatric and somatic disorders. Dysfunctions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, with enhanced releases of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cor…”
Background
The central CLOCK system and the stress axis in health and disease
Kassi, E. N., & Chrousos, G. P. (2013) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1402 · Cited by 20
“Stress mediators, apart from the classic neuroendocrine hormones of the stress system, also include several other neurotransmitters, cytokines, and growth factors that regulate both basal and threatened homeostasis.(115,116) Thus, stress exerts its effects by stimulating the hypothalamus to release multiple ACTH secre…”
Background
Effects of chronic corticosterone and imipramine administration on panic and anxiety-related responses
Diniz, L., Valverde, B. B. D. R., de Castro, G. M., Medalha, C. C., & Viana, M. D. B. (2011) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500117 · Cited by 19
5. Hypocortisolemic Disorders
Fries, E. (2008) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000119047 · Cited by 19
The Pattern and Nature of Mental–Physical Comorbidity: Specific or General?
Gureje, O. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770531.007 · Cited by 19
Pharmacogenetics of Major Depression
Lekman, M., Paddock, S., & McMahon, F. J. (2008) · Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy · doi:10.1007/bf03256297 · Cited by 20
Chronic treatment with dexamethasone alters clock gene expression and melatonin synthesis in rat pineal gland at night
Santos, D. M., Buonfiglio, D. D. C., Garcia, R. A. P., Ramos-Lobo, A. M., Souza, D. N., Carpinelli, Â. R., Carvalho, C. R. D. O., Sertié, R. A. L., Andreotti, S., Lima, F. B., et al. (2018) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s158602 · Cited by 17
The Role of S-Palmitoylation of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor (hGR) in Mediating the Nongenomic Glucocorticoid Actions.
Nicolaides, N. C., Kino, T., Roberts, M. L., Katsantoni, E. Z., Sertedaki, A., Moutsatsou, P., Psarra, A. G., Chrousos, G. P., & Charmandari, E. (2017) · PubMed · Cited by 19
Polymorphisms in NR3C1 gene associated with risk of metabolic syndrome in a Chinese population
Yan, Y., Dong, J., Zhang, J., Liu, F., Wang, W., Zhang, L., & He, Y. (2014) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0324-9 · Cited by 17
Baseline cortisol predicts drunkorexia in female but not male college students
Oswald, B. B., Ward, R. M., Glazer, S., Sternasty, K., Day, K., & Speed, S. N. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1705834 · Cited by 17
“Cortisol is the dominant glucocorticoid in humans.(18) Patients with eating disorders display altered”
Background
Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients serve as a predictor for the incidence of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction following orthopedic surgery
Xu, Z., Ma, Z., & Gu, X. (2015) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2015.2241 · Cited by 17
“However, an extensive or intense stress response is potentially harmful (34).”
Chronic isolation stress compromises JNK/c-Jun signaling in rat brain
Filipović, D., Martinović, J., Pavićević, I. D., Mandić, L. M., & Demajo, M. (2012) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-012-0776-0 · Cited by 17
“…GR and inhibit its transcriptional activity (Krstic et al. 1997), thus inhibited activation of these kinases by chronic isolation stress could lead to enhanced glucocorticoid action (Budziszewska et al. 2010) inducing glucocorticoid maladaptive influence on the brain (Chrousos and Kino 2007).”
Background
Immunoregulatory natural compounds in stress-induced depression: An alternative or an adjunct to conventional antidepressant therapy?
Vasileva, L. V., Ivanovska, M. V., Murdjeva, M. A., Saracheva, K. E., & Georgiev, M. I. (2019) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.004 · Cited by 16
Association between shift work, salivary cortisol levels, stress and fatigue in nurses: integrative review
de Assis, D. C., de Resende, D. V., & Marziale, M. H. P. (2018) · Escola Anna Nery · doi:10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2017-0125 · Cited by 16
“5 Escola Anna Nery 22(1) 2018 Cortisol, stress and fatigue in shift work Assis DC, Resende DV, Marziale MHP”
BackgroundInfluential
A comparison of testosterone and cortisol levels between gay fathers and non-fathers: A preliminary investigation
Burke, E. E., & Bribiescas, R. G. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.03.011 · Cited by 15
Chronic corticosterone administration does not potentiate unconditioned freezing to the predator odor, trimethylthiazoline
Rosen, J. B., Donley, M. P., Gray, D., West, E. A., Morgan, M. A., & Schulkin, J. A. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.06.019 · Cited by 15
Associations of Hair Cortisol Concentrations with General and Organ Fat Measures in Childhood
Vehmeijer, F. O. L., Santos, S., Gaillard, R., de Rijke, Y. B., Voortman, T., van den Akker, E. L. T., Felix, J. F., van Rossum, E. F. C., & Jaddoe, V. W. V. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa785 · Cited by 15
Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Chicken Kidneys in Response to Coronavirus IBV Infection Under Stress Induced by Dexamethasone
Dai, J., Wang, H., Liao, Y., Tan, L., Sun, Y., Song, C., Liu, W., Ding, C., Luo, T., & Qiu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.945865 · Cited by 14
Longitudinal alterations in mRNA expression of the BDNF neurotrophin signaling cascade in blood correlate with changes in depression scores in patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy
Schurgers, G., Walter, S., Pishva, E., Gülöksüz, S., Peerbooms, O., Incio, L. R., Arts, B. M. G., Kenis, G., & Rutten, B. P. F. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.07.183 · Cited by 17
Oral administration of Cimicifuga racemosa extract attenuates psychological and physiological stress responses
Nadaoka, I., Yasue, M., Kitagawa, Y., & Koga, Y. (2012) · Biomedical Research · doi:10.2220/biomedres.33.145 · Cited by 14
“Stress has been related to a large number of pathologies, such as cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, gastric ulcer, and type 2 diabetes (11, 51).”
Background
Modulation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity by Post-Translational Modifications
Liberman, A. C., Antunica-Noguerol, M., & ARZT, E. S. (2014) · Nuclear Receptor Research · doi:10.11131/2014/101086 · Cited by 14
“In the brain, the dysregulation of GCs activity is associated with hippocampal degeneration and memory impairments [3], with higher risk for psychosis, as well as stressrelated disorders [4, 5].”
Background
Hair-Normalized Cortisol Waking Response as a Novel Biomarker of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity following Acute Trauma: A Proof-of-Concept Study with Pilot Results
Walton, D. M., MacDermid, J. C., Russell, E., Koren, G., & Uum, S. H. M. V. (2013) · Pain Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2013/876871 · Cited by 14
“The clinical presentation of exaggeratedHPA axis function, including generalized pain, digestive problems, impaired sleep, and cognition [13, 14], bears striking resemblance to that ofmany chronicmusculoskeletal pain problems, with recent evidence mounting to support a direct link with fibromyalgia [15].”
Background
Identification of Natural Human Glucocorticoid Receptor (hGR) Mutations or Polymorphisms and Their Functional Consequences at the Hormone–Receptor Interaction Level
Charmandari, E., Chrousos, G. P., & Kino, T. (2009) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-378-7_3 · Cited by 14
Endocrine-Metabolic Response in Patients Undergoing Multiple Body Contouring Surgeries After Massive Weight Loss
Roxo, A. C. W., Roxo, C. D. P., Marques, R. G., Rodrigues, N. C. P., Carneiro, D. V., Souto, F. M. D. C., & Nahas, F. X. (2018) · Aesthetic Surgery Journal · doi:10.1093/asj/sjy195 · Cited by 14
Disorders of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenocortical System
Kino, T., Charmandari, E., & Chrousos, G. P. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375097-6.10029-0 · Cited by 11
Conduct Problems and Hair Cortisol Concentrations Decrease in School-Aged Children after VIPP-SD: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Two Twin Cohorts
Runze, J., Pappa, I., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192215026 · Cited by 18
“Furthermore, only chronic stress indicated by long-term deviations in cortisol levels as assessed with HCC across several months may be problematic [16].”
Background
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Human Health and Disease
Nicolaides, N. C., Charmandari, E., & Chrousos, G. P. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08798-6_6 · Cited by 12
Pycnogenol Ameliorates Depression-Like Behavior in Repeated Corticosterone-Induced Depression Mice Model
Mei, L., Mochizuki, M., & Hasegawa, N. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/942927 · Cited by 12
“Chronic high levels of glucocorticoids lead to maladaptive anxiety depressive disorders [3].”
The Relationship of Serum Cortisol Levels with Depression, Cognitive Function and Sleep Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease and Hemodialysis Patients
Afşar, B. (2014) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-014-9307-5 · Cited by 13
“mood [11, 12].”
Novel insights into the potential involvement of 5-HT7 receptors in endocrine dysregulation in stress-related disorders
Terrón, J. A. (2014) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2014-0017 · Cited by 12
“Indeed, a large body of accumulating evidence supports the notion that stress, through its mediators, can lead to acute or chronic pathological, physical and mental conditions in individuals with a vulnerable genetic, constitutional and/or epigenetic background (Charmandari et al., 2005; Chrousos and Kino, 2007; McEwe…”
Background
CIRMI—a new term for a concept worthy of further exploration: a narrative review
Nethathe, G. D., Lipman, J., Anderson, R., & Feldman, C. H. (2022) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm-21-5572 · Cited by 15
“The glucocorticoid receptor is cytosolic in its unbound form, is expressed in almost every human cell and regulates genes that affect metabolism and the immune system (71).”
Background
The effects of systemic stress on orthodontic tooth movement
Gameiro, G. H., Nouer, D. F., Neto, J. S. P., Urtado, M. B., Novaes, P. D., de Castro, M., & Veiga, M. C. F. A. (2008) · Australasian Orthodontic Journal · doi:10.2478/aoj-2008-0018 · Cited by 12
Potential Therapeutic Effects of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 on Alzheimer’s Disease Pathologies in AppNL-G-F Mice
Abdelhamid, M., Jung, C., Zhou, C., Inoue, R., Chen, Y., Sento, Y., Hida, H., & Michikawa, M. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16040538 · Cited by 13
“Since JNK promotes phosphorylation of glucocorticoid receptors and inhibits their transcriptional activity, it also induces glucocorticoid maladaptive influence on the brain [29,30].”
Background
The Potential Impact of Selected Bacterial Strains on the Stress Response
Anker-Ladefoged, C., Langkamp, T., & Mueller‐Alcazar, A. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9050494 · Cited by 12
Differentiating disordered affect in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Sinnamon, G., Caltabiano, M. L., & Baune, B. T. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.006 · Cited by 12
“There is little doubt that living with type 1 diabetes is a stressful experience and it is well documented that psychological stress can trigger anxiety and depression (Brosschot et al., 2006; Chrousos and Kino, 2007; Essex et al., 2002; Heim et al., 1998; Maunder and Hunter, 2001; Nemeroff and Sadek, 2000).”
Background
Mechanisms underlying stress effects on the brain: Basic concepts and clinical implications
Saad, H. A., Marzouk, M., Abdelrahman, H., & Moradikor, N. (2025) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.008 · Cited by 11
Post-stress modulation of the HPA and melanocortin systems alleviates migraine-like behaviors in mice
Hu, Y.-Y., Mei, H., Sankar, S., Pirwani, A., Akopian, A. N., McIntyre, C. K., & Dussor, G. O. (2025) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024251352856 · Cited by 9
“Glucocorticoids exert genomic and non-genomic effects via the glucocorticoid receptor, regulating metabolism, immunity, and stress response (7,8).”
Cognitive function in older patients and their stress challenge using different anesthesia regimes: a single center observational study
Wagner, S., Breitkopf, M., Ahrens, E., Ma, H., Küster, O. C., Thomas, C., Arnim, C. A. F. V., & Walther, A. (2023) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-022-01960-7 · Cited by 10
“Additionally, increased cortisol values after stress have been expected in elderly patients [39].”
Background
Intrinsic factors, adrenal gland morphology, and disease burden in captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in South Africa
Gillis-Germitsch, N., Vybiral, P.-R., Codron, D., Clauß, M., Kotzé, A., & Mitchell, E. P. (2016) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21341 · Cited by 10
“On the other hand, stress has been reported to contribute to disease in humans through temporally variable, often contradictory effects on white blood cell trafficking, activity, and distribution [Chrousos and Kino, 2007; Tausk et al., 2008; Hall et al., 2014].”
Background
237 Psychiatric comorbidity in prurigo nodularis and the impact of socioeconomic status
Han, J., Palomino, A., Estupiñan, B., Wozniak, A. W., & Swan, J. W. (2021) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.259 · Cited by 9
Morphofunctional State and Circadian Rhythms of the Liver of Female Rats under the Influence of Chronic Alcohol Intoxication and Constant Lighting
Areshidze, D. A., & Kozlova, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231810744 · Cited by 10
Autonomic nervous system and endocrine system response to upper and lower cervical spine mobilization in healthy male adults: a randomized crossover trial
Farrell, G., Reily-Bell, M., Chapple, C., Kennedy, E., Sampath, K. K., Gisselman, A. S., Cook, C. E., Katare, R., & Tumilty, S. (2023) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1080/10669817.2023.2177071 · Cited by 9
“A commonly used way to measure the HPA-axis response is by measuring cortisol, a stress hormone released from the adrenal cortex [31].”
BackgroundMethod
Endocrinological Mechanisms of Depressive Disorders and Ill Health
Wimalawansa, S. J. (2015) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.2016.1127755 · Cited by 8
“[31] In addition, PTSD is associated with a hypothalamic corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) hyperdrive but with insensitivity of CRH receptors, and thus, adrenal glands will hypofunction.[32] In healthy states, adrenal glands release glucocorticoids in a pulsatile manner depending on the physiological requirements.”
Background
Adaptive genetic variation, stress and glucose regulation
Oriel, R. C., Wiley, C. D., Dewey, M. J., & Vrana, P. B. (2008) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.000661 · Cited by 9
Depressive Symptoms, Perceived Stress, and Cortisol in School-Age Children With Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Davis, S., Kaulfers, A.-M. D., Lochman, J. E., Morrison, S. A., Pryor, E. R., & Rice, M. H. (2018) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800418813713 · Cited by 8
“…stress may manifest as permanent alterations in cortisol levels, such as blunted or abnormal diurnal rhythm, and result in physiologic changes such as cardiovascular disease or elevated blood glucose levels (Brashers & Jones, 2010; Chrousos & Kino, 2007; Forshee, Clayton, & McCance, 2010).”
Background
The acute effects of hydrocortisone on cardiac electrocardiography, action potentials, intracellular calcium, and contraction: The role of protein kinase C.
Park, M.-H., Park, S.-I., Kim, J.-H., Yu, J., Lee, E. H., Seo, S., & Jo, S. (2019) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2019.110488 · Cited by 9
Body mass index and peripheral arterial disease, a “U-shaped” relationship in elderly African population – the EPIDEMCA study
Désormais, I., Aboyans, V., Guerchet, M., Bandzouzi, B. N., Mbélesso, P., Magné, J., Jésus, P., Marin, B., Lacroix, P., Preux, P., et al. (2019) · VASA · doi:10.1024/0301-1526/a000825 · Cited by 8
Depressed Older Patients With the Atypical Features of Interpersonal Rejection Sensitivity and Reversed-Vegetative Symptoms are Similar to Younger Atypical Patients
Sachs‐Ericsson, N., Selby, E. A., Corsentino, E. A., Collins, N., Sawyer, K., Hames, J. L., Arce, D., Joiner, T. E., & Steffens, D. C. (2011) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e31822cccff · Cited by 8
“Gold and Chrousos (11) suggested that symptoms of hyperarousal in depressed patients with vegetative symptoms are associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activation, whereas others have found that the lethargy, fatigue, hypersomnia, and hyperphagia of individuals with some features of AD produce seemingly…”
Background
Recovery from immunosuppression-related disorders in humans and animals by IP-PA1, an edible lipopolysaccharide.
Hebishima, T., Matsumoto, Y., Watanabe, G., Soma, G., Kohchi, C., Taya, K., Hayashi, Y., & Hirota, Y. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal cell mediated Immunity Regulation in the Immune Restoration Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
Khakshooy, A. M., & Chiappelli, F. (2016) · Bioinformation · doi:10.6026/97320630012028 · Cited by 8
Steroid hormones
Cook-Botelho, J. C., Bachmann, L. M., & French, D. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800871-3.00010-9 · Cited by 8
The Neurobiology of Posttraumatic Stress
Johnson, S. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374851-5.00002-0 · Cited by 7
The Development of Mental–Physical Comorbidity
Scott, K. M. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770531.010 · Cited by 7
Age, preoperative higher serum cortisol levels, and lower serum acetylcholine levels predict delirium after percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndrome patients accompanied with renal dysfunction
Ma, J., Fan, M., & Wang, Z. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_37_19 · Cited by 7
“[25] High levels of GCs might have harmful effects on the brain and cause psychiatric symptoms,[26,27] particularly the glucocorticoid receptor-rich hippocampus.”
Background
Prolonged glucocorticoid treatment in ARDS: Pathobiological rationale and pharmacological principles
Meduri, G. U., Confalonieri, M., Chaudhuri, D., Rochwerg, B. N., & Meibohm, B. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817558-3.00019-6 · Cited by 6
Effects of phytogenic feed additives in growing and finishing pigs under different stocking density
Cho, H. A., Song, M., Lee, J. H., Oh, H. J., An, J., Chang, S. Y., Song, D., Cho, S. Y., Kim, D. J., Kim, M. S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Animal Science and Technology · doi:10.5187/jast.2023.e124 · Cited by 6

Authors: Chrousos, G. P., & Kino, T.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Chrousos, George P.
ORCID: Chrousos, George P.
Kino, Tomoshige
Venue: Stress
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2007-01
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 213-219
ISSN: 1025-3890 (ISSN-L)
1607-8888
DOI: 10.1080/10253890701292119
OpenAlex: W2117077354
Cited by: 292
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 9.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Stress (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords: glucocorticoids, glucocorticoid receptor isoforms, glucocorticoid signaling, mental illness, somatic diseases, anxiety, depression, insomnia, chronic pain, fatigue syndrome, obesity, metabolic syndrome, essential hypertension, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, allergic diseases, transcriptional regulation, life expectancy
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Stress, Psychological, Metabolic Syndrome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Glucocorticoid action networks and complex psychiatric and/or somatic disorders

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks