The DOI matches its Crossref record; 194 of the 199 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Attitudes in social context: A social identity perspective
Abstract
Research on attitudes and attitude phenomena occupies a central place in social psychology, but tends to focus mainly on cognitive, intra-individual, and interpersonal dimensions. The normative, group membership, and identity dimensions of attitudes tend to attract less attention. This article approaches attitudes from the perspective of research on group processes, intergroup relations, and social identity, and conceptualises attitudes and attitude phenomena in terms of their group normative properties and dynamics. Our perspective is explicitly framed and focused by contemporary social identity theory—a theory that has a great deal to contribute to attitude research, but often does not talk directly about attitudes. We discuss attitudinal influence and change, how people perceive normative attitudes, and how attitudes relate to action.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“and adds to the growing body of research that supports the social identity approach to attitude-behaviour relations (see Hogg & Smith, 2007, for a recent review).”
From Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and in-group norms (2009) · cites this paper as Hogg & Smith, 2007
Citations
Cites
The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210
(1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 25,810
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,626
Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta‐analytic review
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466601164939 · Cited by 9,970
DeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,590
Research works printed but not linked: 24
- Brinol P., 2005, The handbook of attitudes, 575
- Brown R. J., 2000, Group processes
- 10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.752 · DOI · Paper page
- Chaiken S., 1987, Social influence: The Ontario symposium, 5, 3
- Eagly A. H., 2005, The handbook of attitudes, 743
- 10.1086/296148 · DOI
- Fiske S. T., 1991, Social cognition
- Gergen K. J., 1971, The concept of self
- Hatfield E., 1994, Emotional contagion
- Likert R., 1932, Archives of Psychology, 22, 1
- Maio G., The science of attitudes
- Moscovici S., 1980, Advances in experimental social psychology, 13, 202
- Petty R. E., 2005, Persuasion: Psychological insights and perspectives, 81
- Prislin R., 2005, The handbook of attitudes, 671
- Robertson T., 1997, Social Psychological Review, 1, 1
- Smith J. R., British Journal of Social Psychology
- 10.1037/0022-3514.41.5.876 · DOI
- Tajfel H., 1972, Introduction à la psychologie sociale, 1, 272
- Tajfel H., 1981, Intergroup behaviour, 144
- Terry D. J., 1999, Social identity and social cognition, 280
- Turner J. C., 1991, Social influence
- Turner J. C., 1987, Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorisation theory
- Turner J. C., 1989, The psychology of group influence, 233
- Watson J. B., 1930, Behaviourism
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 286
Fong, C., Chang, H. S., & Han, Y.-L. (2022) · International Marketing Review · doi:10.1108/imr-07-2021-0219 · Cited by 16
Psycho-Sociological Review of Criminal Thinking Style
Boduszek, D., & Hyland, P. (2012) · University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield) · Cited by 15
Seddig, D. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01123-x · Cited by 18
Harding, J. W., Lock, D., & Toohey, K. (2016) · European Sport Management Quarterly · doi:10.1080/16184742.2016.1140796 · Cited by 15
Plechatá, A., Morton, T. A., & Makransky, G. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102526 · Cited by 18
Boduszek, D., Adamson, G., Shevlin, M. E., & Hyland, P. (2012) · Journal of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour · doi:10.1108/20420921211236771 · Cited by 14
Lock, D., Filo, K. R., Kunkel, T., & Skinner, J. (2013) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.smr.2013.02.001 · Cited by 14
Bertolotti, M., & Catellani, P. (2015) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2166 · Cited by 17
Oyewunmi, A. E., & Oyewunmi, O. A. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221079912 · Cited by 20
Knoll, J., & Schramm, H. (2015) · Communications · doi:10.1515/commun-2015-0011 · Cited by 13
Beasy, K. M., & González, L. R. (2021) · Journal of Education for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1177/09734082211012081 · Cited by 14
Kende, J., Reiter, J., Çoşkan, C., Doosje, B., & Green, E. G. T. (2022) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221075711 · Cited by 13
Racial attitude (dis)similarity and liking in same-race minority interactions
Garcia, R. L., Bergsieker, H. B., & Shelton, J. N. (2015) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430215612224 · Cited by 13
Stabilität und Wandel der nationalen Identität in der deutschen Bevölkerung
Mader, M. (2016) · KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie · doi:10.1007/s11577-016-0370-9 · Cited by 13
Lee, N., Hong, Y., Hu, S., Kirkpatrick, C. E., Lee, S., & Hinnant, A. (2024) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2024.2339237 · Cited by 12
Birney, M. E., Reicher, S. D., Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., & Neville, F. (2022) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12603 · Cited by 12
Blurring Group Boundaries: The Impact of Subgroup Threats on Global Citizenship
Reysen, S., Katzarska-Miller, I. I., Salter, P. S., & Hirko, C. (2014) · EngagedScholarship @ Cleveland State University (Cleveland State University) · Cited by 12
Bednar, J. S., & Brown, J. A. (2023) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2022.0622 · Cited by 11
Carmona, M., Guerra, R., Dovidio, J. F., Hofhuis, J., & Sindic, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.986075 · Cited by 27
Khamzina, K., Huet, S., Deffuant, G., Streith, M., & Guimond, S. (2021) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12825 · Cited by 10
Mannerström, R., Muotka, J. S., Leikas, S., & Lönnqvist, J. (2020) · Politiikka · doi:10.37452/politiikka.83247 · Cited by 11
Randel, A. E., & Alexandra, V. (2023) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2023.101490 · Cited by 10
Auditors’ hometown ties and audit quality
Deng, Y., Zhang, Z., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Journal of Accounting and Public Policy · doi:10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2023.107137 · Cited by 10
Bae, J., Choi, B., Krupka, E. L., & Lee, S. H. (2024) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/jcemd4.coeng-14923 · Cited by 10
Woehr, D. J., Arciniega, L. M., Fernández, L. G., & Stanley, L. J. (2023) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011221146363 · Cited by 13
Prototype-based social comparisons within groups
Hogg, M. A., & Gaffney, A. M. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139035583.010 · Cited by 11
Self-citationAnalyzing the Impact of Group Norms on Workers’ Safety Behaviors in a Construction Team
Gong, X., Liu, Q., Ye, G., Xiang, Q., & Wang, Y. (2018) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94589-7_58 · Cited by 10
Egocentrism and vicarious dissonance
Blackman, S. F., Keller, K., & Cooper, J. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.09.001 · Cited by 11
Hadjittofi, M., Gleeson, K., & Arber, A. (2021) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.12427 · Cited by 9
Budiono, A., Absori, A., Wardiono, K., Yuspin, W., & Gulyamov, S. S. (2023) · Journal of Human Rights Culture and Legal System · doi:10.53955/jhcls.v3i3.127 · Cited by 9
Mueller, J. T., & Tickamyer, A. R. (2020) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.10.043 · Cited by 9
Following the best of us to help them: Group member prototypicality and collective action
Bernardo, G. A. D., Cocco, V. M., Паолини, С., Vezzali, L., Stathi, S., Rubin, M., & Subašić, E. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302211038062 · Cited by 9
Prinos, I., & Manley, J. (2022) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.1177/13607804211069398 · Cited by 9
Kunst, S., Kuhn, T., & van de Werfhorst, H. G. (2022) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/14651165221140230 · Cited by 9
Liu, N., & Chan, H. C. (2010) · National University of Singapore · Cited by 9
Lheureux, F., & Auzoult, L. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1080/02134748.2017.1291744 · Cited by 8
“It’s funny if the group says so”: Group norms moderate disparaging humor appreciation
Argüello‐Gutiérrez, C., Carretero‐Dios, H., Willis, G. B., & Moya, M. (2018) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2017-0055 · Cited by 9
Crossing party lines: Political identity and partisans’ reactions to violating party norms
Prewitt-Freilino, J. L., Bosson, J. K., Burnaford, R. M., & Weaver, J. R. (2012) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430211428162 · Cited by 9
Quayle, M. (2025) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2025.2514433 · Cited by 9
Party institutionalization and intra-party preference homogeneity
Mader, M., & Steiner, N. D. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s12286-019-00421-9 · Cited by 8
Income Tax and the Motivation to Work
Rick, S. I., Paolacci, G., & Burson, K. A. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2078 · Cited by 12
Do males have more favorable attitudes towards digital game use than Females: A Meta-Analytic review
Liu, C., Wang, Z., Yang, Y., Mao, P., Tai, R. H., Cai, Z., & Fan, X. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107550 · Cited by 7
Thomas, E. F., Clark, A. J., & Pedersen, A. (2020) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-020-09553-3 · Cited by 7
Meijer, M. A., Brabers, A. E. M., & de Jong, J. D. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291530 · Cited by 7
Masood, M., Meng, X., Oktavianus, J., Moskovljević, M., Nan, Z., & Skoric, M. M. (2024) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2024.2304182 · Cited by 7
Evaluating the Determinants of Young Runners' Continuance Intentions toward Wearable Devices
Guo, Z., Liu, G., Liu, Z., & Khan, A. (2023) · HighTech and Innovation Journal · doi:10.28991/hij-2023-04-04-02 · Cited by 10
Revisiting consumer responses in situational animosity: a reference group perspective
Chang, H. S., Fong, C., & Chen, I.-H. (2024) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-05-2023-4521 · Cited by 7
The likes that bind: Even novel opinion sharing can induce opinion‐based identification
O’Reilly, C., Maher, P. J., & Quayle, M. (2024) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12773 · Cited by 7
Machine morality, moral progress, and the looming environmental disaster
Kenward, B., & Sinclair, T. (2021) · Cognitive Computation and Systems · doi:10.1049/ccs2.12027 · Cited by 7
Koon, V. (2024) · Business Strategy & Development · doi:10.1002/bsd2.381 · Cited by 8
Cole, L. M., April, K., & Trinkner, R. J. (2020) · Advances in psychology and law · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54678-6_8 · Cited by 8
FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENT INTENTIONS INVESTORS IN SURABAYA
Geraldine, J., & Ottemoesoe, R. S. D. (2022) · International Journal of Financial and Investment Studies (IJFIS) · doi:10.9744/ijfis.2.2.74-82 · Cited by 7
HALE, B. J. (2022) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448221124085 · Cited by 7
Wagnsson, C., Östervall, A., & Angwald, A. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04844-6 · Cited by 6
Bourke, A., Jabbour, S., Martin, A., Walsh, L., & Hadfield, K. (2025) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2025.100245 · Cited by 6
Modernity and the western value-action paradox: contributions from conservation psychology
Kyle, G. T., & Landon, A. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2023.1092259 · Cited by 7
Bohman, A., & Kudrnáč, A. (2022) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221099444 · Cited by 6
A Holistic Approach to Language Attitudes in Two Multilingual Educational Contexts
Bier, A., & Lasagabaster, D. (2024) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52371-7_20 · Cited by 6
Dyadic Interaction Shapes Social Identity in the Axelrod Model Using Empirical Data
Dinkelberg, A., MacCarron, P., Maher, P. J., O’Sullivan, D. J. P., & Quayle, M. (2023) · Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation · doi:10.18564/jasss.4992 · Cited by 7
Fink, O., Hasan‐Aslih, S., & Halperin, E. (2024) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302241277377 · Cited by 6
War and social solidarity: an in-depth literature review and conceptual framework
Mohamed, M. A. O. (2025) · International Review of Sociology · doi:10.1080/03906701.2025.2498705 · Cited by 5
Language attitudes and language practices of the Lebanese community in the UK
Eid, Z. A., & Sallabank, J. (2021) · International Journal of the Sociology of Language · doi:10.1515/ijsl-2020-0008 · Cited by 5
Pei, D., Kreps, G. L., & Zhao, X. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20166603 · Cited by 5
Researching Attitude–Identity Dynamics to Understand Social Conflict and Change
Lueders, A., Quayle, M., Maher, P. J., Bliuc, A., & MacCarron, P. (2024) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3022 · Cited by 7
Jasinskaja‐Lahti, I., Szebeni, Z., Birman, D., Mitikka, E., & Renvik, T. A. (2024) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2824 · Cited by 5
BehaviourCoach: Exploring the Use of a Web-Based Serious Game in Health Promotion
Grant, F., & Elaheebocus, R. (2024) · International Journal of Serious Games · doi:10.17083/ijsg.v11i2.651 · Cited by 5
Friends’ Accuracy and Bias in Rating Group Identification
Reysen, S., Hall, T., & Puryear, C. (2014) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-014-9234-5 · Cited by 5
Reysen, S., Shaw, J. E., & Brooks, T. R. (2015) · Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.14738/assrj.25.1181 · Cited by 5
The structure and strength of public attitudes towards wind farm development
Bidwell, D. (2011) · PhDT · doi:10.25335/en50-3r05 · Cited by 5
López-Hornickel, N., Carrasco, D., Lay, S., & Treviño, E. (2024) · Large-scale Assessments in Education · doi:10.1186/s40536-024-00235-6 · Cited by 4
Mader, M., & Mußotter, M. (2025) · Nations and Nationalism · doi:10.1111/nana.13113 · Cited by 7
Conservative conservationists: reconciling conflicting identities on climate change
Diamond, E. P. (2022) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2022.2124182 · Cited by 5
When Uncertainty Motivates Identity Restoration in Religious Groups: The Hijra Phenomenon
Wulandari, R., Milla, M. N., & Muluk, H. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13100913 · Cited by 4
Lyonga, F. (2022) · Sexes · doi:10.3390/sexes3040038 · Cited by 4
Predicting online privacy protection for Facebook users with an extended theory of planned behavior
Biber, M., Louis, W. R., & Smith, J. R. (2024) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2024.2319177 · Cited by 8
Self-citationPlace solidarity: A case of the Türkiye earthquakes
Josiassen, A., Hede, A., Kozak, M., Köck, F., & Assaf, A. G. (2024) · Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights · doi:10.1016/j.annale.2024.100125 · Cited by 4
Handoko, F. A., Rahaju, S., & Siaputra, I. B. (2024) · Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat · doi:10.24854/jpu714 · Cited by 4
Out-Party Cues and Factual Beliefs in an Era of Negative Partisanship
Ahn, S., Bergan, D. E., Carnahan, D., Barry, R. C., & Ulusoy, E. (2021) · Journal of Political Marketing · doi:10.1080/15377857.2021.1939570 · Cited by 5
Fang, L., Mohammed, A., & Kaskutas, V. K. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Education · doi:10.26681/jote.2021.050418 · Cited by 4
Masinga, N. C., & Dumont, K. B. (2018) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12512 · Cited by 4
Effects of political identity activation and inaccurate metaperceptions on attitudes toward wolves
Metcalf, A., & Angle, J. (2026) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.70212 · Cited by 3
The Fitness-Validation Model of Propagandist Persuasion and the 5Ds of Propaganda
Adam‐Troian, J. (2024) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000442 · Cited by 4
Monik, A., & Parzuchowski, M. (2024) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2024.2389432 · Cited by 5
Managerial influence on attitude formation in organizations: how to manage emergence
van Woensel, P., de Gilder, D., van den Besselaar, P., & Groenewegen, P. (2016) · Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory · doi:10.1007/s10588-016-9239-8 · Cited by 3
Mayer, S. J. (2018) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-018-0753-2 · Cited by 3
Hartley, L. K. (2010) · Cited by 3
Goad, E., Gleeson, K., & Jackson, S. (2018) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12275 · Cited by 3
The Common Grounds of Adherence? A Qualitative Analysis of Young Partisans’ Collective Identity
Fitzpatrick, J., & Mayer, S. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-25604-3_4 · Cited by 3
Kitsiou, A., Tzortzaki, E., Kalloniatis, C., & Gritzalis, S. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58986-8_10 · Cited by 3
Bardon, A. (2020) · The Conversation · doi:10.64628/aai.mwhmpufrj · Cited by 3
What makes a devoted local-food-buying club customer?
Benedek, Z., & Fertő, I. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40030 · Cited by 2
Critical Education: Navigating Misinformation and Controversial Issues
Santos, P. J. M., Tsovaltzi, D., Osborne, J. F., Kolikant, Y. B., Salman, A., Lemmens, V., Vanhove, L., Vandecandelaere, M., Sermeus, J., Hmelo‐Silver, C. E., et al. (2025) · Proceedings. · doi:10.22318/icls2025.351223 · Cited by 2
Negative partisanship in Western Europe
Russo, L. (2025) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2025.103001 · Cited by 2
Fu, L., Dai, Y. H., & Jia, W. (2025) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2025.2605123 · Cited by 2
Han, B., He, R., & Kane, D. (2026) · Chinese Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/2057150x261454806 · Cited by 2
Embracing New Perspectives in History, Social Sciences, and Education
Ridhoi, R., Subekti, A., Navarro, F. M., & Hariyono, H. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003295273 · Cited by 2
This is not US: measuring polarization in multiparty systems. A quasi-replication study
Russo, L., Turkenburg, E., Harteveld, E., & Heckhausen, A. (2023) · Quaderni dell Osservatorio elettorale QOE - IJES · doi:10.36253/qoe-14034 · Cited by 2
Jennings, F. J., Neville-Shepard, M., & Jackson, D. B. (2024) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2024.2355956 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Hogg, M. A., & Smith, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Claremont Graduate University (US)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hogg, Michael A.
- Venue
- European Review of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-11
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 89-131
- ISSN
- 1046-3283 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-277X
- OpenAlex
- W1980987872
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 199
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 15.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Review of Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- attitudes, social identity theory, group norms, normative attitudes, intergroup relations, group process, attitude change, group membership
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review