Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta‐analytic review

Armitage, Christopher J.; Conner, Mark

doi:10.1348/014466601164939

Cited by 9,970Behavioral Health and InterventionsEnvironmental Education and SustainabilityMedia Influence and Health

Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta‐analytic review

Armitage, Christopher J., Conner, Mark·2001·British Journal of Social Psychology

DOI 10.1348/014466601164939

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Abstract

The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 independent studies published up to the end of 1997, the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behaviour and intention, respectively. The perceived behavioural control (PBC) construct accounted for significant amounts of variance in intention and behaviour, independent of theory of reasoned action variables. When behaviour measures were self-reports, the TPB accounted for 11% more of the variance in behaviour than when behaviour measures were objective or observed (R2s = .31 and .21, respectively). Attitude, subjective norm and PBC account for significantly more of the variance in individuals' desires than intentions or self-predictions, but intentions and self-predictions were better predictors of behaviour. The subjective norm construct is generally found to be a weak predictor of intentions. This is partly attributable to a combination of poor measurement and the need for expansion of the normative component. The discussion focuses on ways in which current TPB research can be taken forward in the light of the present review.

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Evidence suggests that employees engage in activities perceived to have few obstacles and that are associated with resources and opportunities to support their engagement.
“Evidence suggests that employees engage in activities perceived to have few obstacles and that are associated with resources and opportunities to support their engagement (Armitage & Conner, 2001; Sellin, 1995).”
From Predicting Levels of Policy Advocacy Engagement Among Acute-Care Health Professionals (2016) · cites this paper as Armitage & Conner, 2001
Support for the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour has been established across a wide range of behavioural domains and in a variety of populations.
“Support for the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour has been established across a wide range of behavioural domains and in a variety of populations (see e.g., Armitage & Conner, 2001;Conner & Armitage, 1998).”
From Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and in-group norms (2009) · cites this paper as Armitage & Conner, 2001
Armitage and Conner (2001) found that the average component relationship between attitudes and intentions was twice as large as that between subjective norms and intentions.
“For instance, Armitage and Conner (2001) found that the average component relationship between attitudes and intentions was twice as large as that between subjective norms and intentions (see also Farley, Lehmann, & Ryan, 1981).”
From Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and in-group norms (2009) · cites this paper as Armitage & Conner, 2001
A meta-analysis indicated that the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behavior and intentions, respectively.
“A metaanalysis indicated that the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behavior and intentions, respectively (Armitage & Conner, 2001).”
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Intention typically predicts only around 25-35% of variance in behaviour.
“However, intention typically predicts only around 25-35% of variance in behaviour [10,11]”
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Predicting Vigorous Physical Activity of Corporate Employees: Comparing the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior
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Beyond information quality: fitness for purpose and electronic information resource use
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HIV Seropositive Gay Men: Understanding Adoption of Safe Sexual Practices
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Dahlem (1991) · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199111)47:6

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Perceived Behavioral Control, Self‐Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior <sup>1</sup>
Ajzen, I. (2002) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x · Cited by 7,629 · see citing works
The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections
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Nature and Operation of Attitudes
Ajzen, I. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27 · Cited by 4,321 · see citing works
Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour
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Development and Cross–Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions
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“Although accumulated research supports this idea (e.g., Armitage & Conner, 2001; Sheeran, 2002; Sutton, 1998), there is also contrary evidence that gives credence to the proverb that ‘‘the road to hell is paved with good intentions’’ (Orbell & Sheeran, 1998; Sheeran, 2002).”
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Prospective prediction of health-related behaviours with the Theory of Planned Behaviour: a meta-analysis
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Authors: Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M.
Affiliations: University of Sheffield (GB)
University of Leeds (GB)
Corresponding author: Armitage, Christopher J.
ORCID: Armitage, Christopher J.
Conner, Mark
Venue: British Journal of Social Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 40
Issue: 4
Pages: 471-499
ISSN: 0144-6665 (ISSN-L)
2044-8309
DOI: 10.1348/014466601164939
OpenAlex: W2152095411
Cited by: 9,970
References: 191
Citations by year: 2026: 441 · 2025: 511 · 2024: 511 · 2023: 588 · 2022: 584 · 2021: 633 · 2020: 626 · 2019: 552 · 2018: 553 · 2017: 515 · 2016: 525 · 2015: 547 · 2014: 528 · 2013: 473 · 2012: 440
FWCI: 105.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 3302 d)
Locations: British Journal of Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Environmental Education and Sustainability
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Media Influence and Health
Keywords: theory of planned behavior, perceived behavioral control, attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral intention, behavior prediction, self-prediction, theory of reasoned action, attitude measurement
MeSH terms: Behavior, Humans, Internal-External Control, Motivation, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychological Theory, Self-Assessment, Reproducibility of Results, Self Efficacy

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Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta‐analytic review

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