Nonmedical use of prescription ADHD stimulants and preexisting patterns of drug abuse
Open accessAbstract
Multidrug use is well documented among nonmedical users of prescription stimulants. We sought to provide insight into the drug use patterns of those reporting nonmedical use of prescription attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stimulants in an attempt to discern whether such use is a first step in a pattern of drug-abusing behavior or, conversely, is a later development accompanied or preceded by a history of drug abuse. A cross-sectional, population-based survey of the U.S. civilian, non-institutionalized population aged 12 years and older was analyzed for lifetime nonmedical use of prescription ADHD stimulants, lifetime nonmedical use of another prescription drug, illicit drug use, and drug use initiation patterns. This included 443,041 respondents from the 2002-2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Lifetime nonmedical use of prescription ADHD stimulants was reported by 3.4% of those aged 12 years and older. Of these, 95.3% also reported use of an illicit drug (i.e., marijuana, cocaine/crack, heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants) or nonmedical use of another prescription drug (i.e., tranquilizers, pain relievers, or sedatives), and such use preceded nonmedical use of prescription ADHD stimulants in 77.6% of cases. On average, 2.40 drugs were used prior to the first nonmedical use of prescription ADHD stimulants. These data suggest that nonmedical use of prescription ADHD stimulants is not commonly an initiating factor leading to the nonmedical use of other prescription medications or abuse of illicit drugs. Rather, nonmedical use of prescription ADHD stimulants appears to be adopted by individuals already engaged in broader patterns of drug abuse and misuse.
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In a US study, use of illegal drugs or other non-medical prescription drug use preceded non-medical ADHD medication use in more than three out of four cases.
“A U.S. study of over 440,000 respondents found that use of illegal drugs or other non-medical use of prescription drugs preceded non-medical use of ADHD medication in more than three out of four cases (Sweeney et al., 2013).”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Sweeney et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Sweeney, C. T., Sembower, M. A., Ertischek, M. D., Shiffman, S., & Schnoll, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Pinney Associates (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sweeney, Christine T.
- ORCID
- Sembower, Mark A.
- Venue
- Journal of Addictive Diseases
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-01-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 1055-0887 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-0848
- PMC
- PMC3630453
- OpenAlex
- W1992784718
- Semantic Scholar
- e978353fe757a4d69b9fde760270502eba778361
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 7.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Addictive Diseases (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- ADHD stimulants, polydrug use, illicit drug use, prescription drug misuse, cocaine, heroin, inhalants, sedatives, pain relievers, National Survey on Drug Use and Health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Illicit Drugs, United States, Age of Onset, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult, Prescription Drug Misuse
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