Understanding Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder from Childhood to Adulthood
Open accessAbstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common neurobehavioral disorders requiring treatment in children and adolescents. The disorder is often chronic, with prominent symptoms and impairment spanning into adulthood. It is often associated with co-occurring disorders, including disruptive, mood, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders. The diagnosis of ADHD is clinically established by review of symptoms and impairment. The biological underpinning of the disorder is supported by genetic, neuroimaging, neurochemistry, and neuropsychological data. All aspects of an individual's life need to be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. Multimodal treatment includes educational, family, and individual support. Psychotherapy alone and in combination with medication is helpful for treating patients with ADHD and comorbid disorders. Pharmacotherapy, including stimulants, noradrenergic agents, α-agonists, and antidepressants, plays a fundamental role in the long-term management of ADHD.
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In adult age, ADHD is a risk factor for various mental disorders.
“and in adult age it is a risk factor for various mental disorders [6, 7].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Wilens, T. E., & Spencer, T. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wilens, Timothy E.
- Venue
- Postgraduate Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-09-01
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 97-109
- ISSN
- 0032-5481 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-9260
- PMC
- PMC3724232
- OpenAlex
- W1968454895
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 1.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Postgraduate Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24DA016264)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD comorbidity, ADHD diagnosis, ADHD pathophysiology, ADHD medication, stimulant medication, noradrenergic agents, alpha-adrenergic agonists, antidepressants, multimodal therapy, psychotherapy, coming of age, neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Adrenergic alpha-Agonists, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Propylamines, Psychotherapy, Remedial Teaching, Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, Mood Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders
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