Cited by 708Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research Topics

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Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups

Norton, Peter J.·2007·Anxiety, Stress, & Coping

DOI 10.1080/10615800701309279

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Abstract

Growing cross-cultural awareness has led researchers to examine frequently used research instruments and assessment tools in racially diverse populations. The present study was conducted to assess the psychometric characteristics of the 21-item version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) among different racial groups. The DASS-21 was chosen because it appears to be a reliable and easy to administer measure, ideal for both clinical and research purposes. Results suggest that the internal consistency, and convergent and divergent validity of the DASS-21 are similar across racial groups. Multigroup CFA, however, indicated that item loadings were invariant, while scale covariances were not invariant. This suggests that, although the items may load similarly on the depression, anxiety and stress constructs, these constructs may be differentially inter-related across groups. Implications for application in clinical practice are discussed.

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“Assessment of depression, anxiety and stress To assess the state of depression, anxiety, and stress the short form of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) was used (Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995; Norton, 2007).”
Method
Psychometric Evaluation of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) in Senior Games Athletes
Um, B., & Bardhoshi, G. (2022) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2022.2051189 · Cited by 2
“WLSMV has been frequently applied to examine the factor structure of DASS-21 (Henry & Crawford, 2005; Norton, 2007; Scholten et al., 2017) and indicated a better performance than other estimation methods (e.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“Although the original DASS has demonstrated psychometric reliability and validity (Norton, 2007; Page et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2005), it was developed to capture responses to stress without considering factors specific to pandemics.”
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“…(α = 0.87), excellent convergent validity with the Beck Anxiety Inventory ( r = 0.85, p 0.001), and good divergent validity, as the Positive Affect subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule did not demonstrate a significant association with the DASS-21 anxiety subscale [33, 36].”
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“The scale has been validated in clinical and nonclinical settings, involving population samples across different nations [38,39].”
Background
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“As a short and user-friendly self-report questionnaire, DASS21 is applied to measure three related states of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (41) in both clinical and community settings (42, 43).”
Method
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“The DASS-21 is a 21-item measure of mental health, with three 7-item subscales assessing feelings of depression, anxiety, and stress in the past week (Antony et al., 1998; Norton, 2007).”
Method
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“…scales that measure many aspects, such as: hypochondriasis (Kellner et al. 1985); illness attitude (Kellner et al. 1985); symptoms of hypochondriasis (Pelletier et al. 2002); depression, anxiety, and stress (Norton 2007); PTSD symptoms (Hosey et al. 2019); and fear of COVID-19 (Ahorsu et al. 2020).”
Background
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“51 The Chinese version of the DASS-21 is well established, 52 and Cronbach’s α is 0.96 in the present study.”
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“Each subscale contains seven items and has evidenced good psychometric properties when used with Black/African American participants (Norton, 2007).”
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“General mental health symptoms and functional impairment The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used to assess general mental health symptoms (Norton, 2007).”
Method
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Background
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“In a sample of Black undergraduate students (Norton, 2007), Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were within acceptable range for Depression (α = .84) and Anxiety (α = .81).”
Background
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“85), as well as good construct validity across ethnicities (Norton, 2007) and in clinical and nonclinical samples (Osman et al.”
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“DASS-21 possesses high between-group invariance (see Norton, 2007) and internal consistency, the Cronbach’s α for depression, anxiety, and stress are 0.94, 0.87, and 0.91 respectively (Antony et al., 1998).”
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“The criterion measures included five items measuring subjective well-being (Diener et al., 1985), five items measuring depression (Norton, 2007), seven items measuring game addiction (Lemmens et al., 2009), four items measuring aggression (Buss & Perry, 1992), and 12 items measuring the Dark Triad…”
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“Additionally, the DASS-21 has shown good concurrent validity with other anxiety and depressive measures (Osman et al., 2012) and good validity among Asian samples (Norton, 2007).”
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Authors: Norton, P. J.
Affiliations: University of Houston (US)
Corresponding author: Norton, Peter J.
ORCID: Norton, Peter J.
Venue: Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2007-08-08
Volume: 20
Issue: 3
Pages: 253-265
ISSN: 1061-5806 (ISSN-L)
1477-2205
DOI: 10.1080/10615800701309279
OpenAlex: W2088994872
Cited by: 708
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 7.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Anxiety Stress & Coping (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: DASS-21, DASS, cross-cultural validity, racial groups, measurement invariance, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency, depression, anxiety, stress
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Anxiety, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Depression, Humans, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Racial Groups

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Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Psychometric analysis across four racial groups

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